2025 State Climate Summaries for the United States

Stevens, L.E.; Anheuser, J.; Essig, M.R.; Lamb, A.D.; Maycock, T.K.; McCarrick, A.L.; Visovatti, A.

doi:doi.org/10.52750/153632

Iowa’s location in the interior of North America and the lack of mountains to the north and south expose the state to incursions of bitterly cold air masses from the Arctic in the winter and warm, humid air masses from the Gulf of America (formerly Gulf of Mexico) in the summer. As a result, its climate is characterized by a wide range of temperatures across the year. Typical winter low temperatures range from less than 10°F in the north to almost 20°F in the southeast (1991–2020 averages). Average summer high temperatures generally range from 80° to 85°F across the state. Precipitation varies widely across Iowa, with the southeastern portion of the state receiving around 40 inches annually compared to less than 30 inches in the northwest. Much of Iowa’s precipitation falls in summer, averaging about 14 total inches for June, July, and August in the central part of the state. Snowfall also varies across the state, ranging from more than 40 inches in the north to about 20 inches in the south.

Figure 1: Observed and projected changes (compared to the 1901–1960 average) in near-surface annual average air temperature for Iowa. Observed data are for 1900–2024. Projected changes for 2015–2100 were generated using global climate models to explore three possible futures, associated with lower, intermediate, and higher greenhouse gas emissions pathways (the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively). Temperatures in Iowa (black line) have increased almost 1.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century (based on a linear trend). Shading indicates the range of annual temperatures from the set of models. Observed temperatures are generally within the envelope of model simulations of the historical period (light gray shading). Less warming is expected under a lower emissions future (the coldest end-of-century projections being about 2.2°F warmer than the 1901–1960 average; blue shading) and more warming under a higher emissions future (the hottest end-of-century projections being about 14.6°F warmer than the hottest year in the observed record; red shading), while the intermediate emissions future leads to moderate warming (with end-of-century projections ranging from about 4.7°F to 11.6°F above the 1901–1960 average; dark gray shading). Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv and CMIP6.

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Time series of observed and projected temperature change (in degrees Fahrenheit) for Iowa from 1900 to 2100 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from negative 6 to positive 22 degrees. Observed annual temperatures from 1900 to 2024 show variability and range from negative 3.6 to positive 4.5 degrees. By the end of the century, projected increases in temperature range from 2.1 to 9.2 degrees under the lower emissions pathway, from 4.8 to 11.7 degrees under the intermediate pathway, and from 9.2 to 19.8 degrees under the higher pathway.

Annual average temperatures in Iowa have increased almost 1.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century (Figure 1). Most of the warming has occurred since the 1970s and has been concentrated in winter and fall, while summers have not warmed substantially (Figure 2), a feature characteristic of much of the Midwest. The hottest year on record was 2012, with an annual average temperature of 52.1°, which is 4.4°F above the long-term (1895–2024) average. Nighttime temperatures have increased more than daytime temperatures. Increases in humidity may be one cause of this asymmetric warming between night and day. The lack of summer warming is reflected in a generally below-average number of very hot days since the 1960s (Figure 3a) and no overall trend in warm nights (Figure 3b). The highest 5-year averages for both very hot days and warm nights were recorded in the 1930s. The winter warming trend is reflected in fewer very cold nights since the 1990s (Figure 4).

Figure 2: Observed summer (June–August) average temperature for Iowa from 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 71.5°F. Summer temperatures have not warmed substantially over the period of record. With high temperatures exacerbated by extreme drought and poor land management practices, the 5-year averages of the 1930s remain the highest on record. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.

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Graph of the observed summer average temperature for Iowa from 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 64 to 78 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 66.2 to 76.7 degrees. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly below the long-term average of 71.5 degrees between 1895 and 1929, all above average between 1930 and 1944, and mostly near or below average between 1945 and 1979. Since 1980, 5-year values are mostly near or above average. The 1925 to 1929 period has the lowest 5-year value at 70.2 degrees, and the 1930 to 1934 and 1935 to 1939 periods have the highest at 74.0 and 73.5 degrees, respectively.

Figure 3: Observed annual number of (a) very hot days (maximum temperature of 95°F or higher) and (b) warm nights (minimum temperature of 70°F or higher) for Iowa from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of (a) 6.9 days and (b) 7.4 nights. The number of very hot days was highest in the 1930s and has generally been below average since the 1960s. The number of warm nights shows no clear trend, with recent values also being lower than those of the Dust Bowl era. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.

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Two graphs of the observed annual number of (a) very hot days and (b) warm nights for Iowa from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Panel A: Very Hot Days
Y-axis values range from 0 to 50 days. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0 to 41.3 days. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or above the long-term average of 6.9 days between 1900 and 1959. Since 1960, all 5-year values are below average except for the 1980 to 1984 and 1985 to 1989 periods. The 2015 to 2019 period has the lowest 5-year value at 1.4 days, and the 1930 to 1934 and 1935 to 1939 periods have the highest at 22.2 and 18.8 days, respectively.

Panel B: Warm Nights
Y-axis values range from 0 to 24 nights. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0.6 to 21.0 nights. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly below the long-term average of 7.4 nights between 1900 and 1929, all near or above average between 1930 and 1959, and mostly below average since 1960. The 1960 to 1964 period has the lowest 5-year value at 3.7 nights, and the 1930 to 1934 and 1935 to 1939 periods have the highest at 13.1 and 12.5 nights, respectively.

Figure 4: Observed annual number of very cold nights (minimum temperature of 0°F or lower) for Iowa from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 19.3 nights. The number of very cold nights has mostly been near or below average since the 1990s. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily

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Graph of the observed annual number of very cold nights for Iowa from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 0 to 44 nights. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 2.2 to 41.2 nights. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly above the long-term average of 19.3 nights between 1900 and 1919, mostly below average between 1920 and 1959, and all near or above average between 1960 and 1989. Since 1990, 5-year values are all below average except for the 2010 to 2014 period. The 1930 to 1934 period has the lowest 5-year value at 13.1 nights, and the 1975 to 1979 period has the highest at 30.0 nights.

Annual precipitation has ranged from a low of 20.2 inches in 1910 to a high of 47.9 inches in 1993. With the exception of the 2020–2024 period, statewide annual precipitation and summer precipitation have been near or above average since the 1990s (Figures 5 and 6b). Spring precipitation has also generally been above average since the 1990s (Figure 6a), with mixed impacts on agriculture. Increased rainfall ensures adequate soil moisture for crops, but excessive precipitation can also delay planting. The frequency of 2-inch extreme precipitation events has generally increased, with the highest 5-year averages recorded between 2005 and 2019 (Figure 7).

Figure 5: Observed total annual precipitation for Iowa from 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 32.6 inches. Annual precipitation has generally been near or above average since the 1990s; however, the 2020–2024 period was below average. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.

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Graph of the observed total annual precipitation for Iowa from 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 16 to 52 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 20.2 to 47.9 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 32.6 inches between 1895 and 1989 but are mostly above average between 1990 and 2019. The 2020 to 2024 period is below average. The 1910 to 1914 and 1955 to 1959 periods have the lowest 5-year values at 28.4 inches each, and the 2015 to 2019 period has the highest at 39.9 inches.

Figure 6: Observed total (a) spring (March–May) and (b) summer (June–August) precipitation for Iowa from 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of (a) 9.2 inches and (b) 12.4 inches. Spring precipitation and summer precipitation have generally been above average since the 1990s, although summer precipitation during the 2020–2024 period was mostly below average. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.

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Two graphs of the observed total (a) spring and (b) summer precipitation for Iowa from 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Panel A: Total Spring Precipitation
Y-axis values range from 2 to 18 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 3.1 to 17.2 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or above the long-term average of 9.2 inches between 1895 and 1919, all below average between 1920 and 1944, and mostly near or above average between 1945 and 1989. Since 1990, 5-year values are all above average. The 1930 to 1934 period has the lowest 5-year value at 6.6 inches, and the 1995 to 1999 period has the highest at 11.1 inches.

Panel B: Total Summer Precipitation
Y-axis values range from 4 to 28 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 6.6 to 26.7 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 12.4 inches between 1895 and 1939 but are mostly near or above average since 1940. The 1910 to 1914 period has the lowest 5-year value at 8.8 inches, and the 1990 to 1994 period has the highest at 16.4 inches.

Figure 7: Observed annual number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events (days with precipitation of 2 inches or more) for Iowa from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of about 1.5 events, indicating that a typical reporting station experiences one to two events per year. Five-year averages between 2005 and 2019 are the highest on record. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.

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Graph of the observed annual number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events for Iowa from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 0 to 4 events. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0.5 to 3.5 events. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of about 1.5 events between 1900 and 1969 but are mostly near or above average since 1970. The 1910 to 1914 and 1955 to 1959 periods have the lowest 5-year values at 1.1 events each, and the 2015 to 2019 period has the highest at 2.2 events.

Agriculture is an important sector of Iowa’s economy and is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather conditions. Both drought and flooding have resulted in billions of dollars in losses in recent years. Following abnormally dry conditions in 2011, Iowa experienced severe drought conditions (as defined by the US Drought Monitor) in 2012 and then very dry conditions again in 2013. Rainfall totals were below average for the critical growth months of July and August in each of those years. This three-year period was unlike any other three-year period dating back to 1895 and superseded the dry years of the Dust Bowl era. By the end of September 2012, much of the state was in extreme drought, with portions in the northwest experiencing exceptional drought conditions extending into 2013. One of the longest droughts in Iowa’s history occurred from July 2020 to May 2024. The four-year drought led to substantial crop damage, with more than one-third of the state experiencing severe to extreme drought in 2021.

Thousands of miles of rivers flow through Iowa, which is bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Big Sioux and Missouri Rivers to the west. With many of these waterways located alongside cities and farmland, flooding is a severe hazard. From 1955 to 1997, Iowa was ranked first in state losses due to flooding. During the first two weeks of June 2008, heavy rainfall on soil already saturated from unusually wet conditions caused record flooding along multiple rivers. Numerous long-term stations reported more than 10 inches of precipitation during the two-week period, and levels on the Cedar River exceeded the previous record by more than 11 feet. Of the state’s 99 counties, 83 were declared disaster areas, and damages were estimated at almost $10 billion. More recently, flash flooding over June 20–22, 2024, devastated several communities in northwest Iowa when the region received 10–15 inches of rainfall after a lengthy drought. In Spencer, hundreds of people were evacuated by boat, and more than 5,000 homes and businesses were damaged. Snowmelt, as well as ice jams, can also cause flooding. In June 2011, runoff from a record winter snowpack in the Rocky Mountains accompanied by heavy rains caused major flooding along the entire length of the Missouri River. Particularly hard hit was the region around Hamburg, where levee failures forced evacuation of the town and farmland flooding caused extensive agricultural losses.

Iowa experiences damaging storms during all seasons. Thunderstorms capable of producing floods, hail, and tornadoes are common in the warmer months, although the state has experienced these types of severe weather in every month of the year. On May 25, 2008, an EF5 tornado killed 9 people and destroyed nearly 200 homes in Parkersburg. This was the strongest tornado to hit the state since June 13, 1976. One of the most destructive thunderstorms to ever affect the state occurred on August 10, 2020. A powerful derecho (a widespread, long-lived straight-line windstorm associated with a series of severe thunderstorms) produced winds greater than 100 mph, causing extensive damage to millions of acres of corn and soybean crops across central Iowa and severe damage to homes, businesses, and vehicles, particularly in Cedar Rapids. December 15, 2021, was a record-breaking day for Iowa, featuring the first derecho in December anywhere in the United States and Iowa’s highest recorded temperature in December. It also set a new record for the most tornadoes in Iowa in a single day, at 68; before that day, only five December tornadoes had been recorded in Iowa since 1950.

During winter months, snowstorms and ice storms are a frequent hazard. Over December 8–9, 2009, a strong storm produced heavy snowfall across the state, with multiple long-term stations reporting more than 15 inches. Wind gusts of more than 50 mph produced large snow drifts and caused widespread whiteout conditions. The blizzard conditions were compounded by bitter cold on December 9, with temperatures below 10°F and wind chills below 0°F across large portions of the state.

Under the intermediate and higher emissions pathways, historically unprecedented warming is projected during this century (Figure 1). Even under the lower emissions pathway, most projections show annual average temperatures exceeding historical levels by the middle of the century. However, projections for all three pathways show a large range of potential temperature increases, and some projections for the lower pathway are comparable to recent observed values. Intense heat waves can occur in Iowa, often accompanied by high humidity. With rising temperatures, future heat waves are projected to become more intense, and impacts on human health could be significant. Cold waves are projected to become less intense.

Under the intermediate emissions pathway, projections indicate increases in total annual precipitation by midcentury for Iowa; however, the projected changes are not statistically significant (Figure 8). There is similar uncertainty in projections for seasonal precipitation, although models generally indicate statewide increases in spring, fall, and winter and decreases in summer. Increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation are projected, potentially resulting in increased flooding.

Figure 8: Projected changes in total annual precipitation (%) for the middle of the 21st century (2041–2070) compared to the 1991–2020 average under the intermediate emissions pathway (SSP2-4.5 scenario). For areas with hatching, a majority of models project statistically significant changes and agree on the direction of change. For areas without hatching, less than half of models project statistically significant changes. Projections indicate increases in total annual precipitation by midcentury for Iowa; however, these changes are not statistically significant. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: CMIP6.

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Map of the contiguous United States showing the projected changes in total annual precipitation by the middle of this century as described in the caption. The state of Iowa is outlined in black.

Legend values range from less than negative 10 to greater than positive 15 percent. Note: unless otherwise specified, projected values are not statistically significant.

Iowa
All of Iowa is projected to see increases in total annual precipitation of up to 5 percent.

Contiguous US
Projected increases in total annual precipitation are as follows: up to 5 percent for most of the Southeast, as well as the central Midwest, central Great Plains, central West, and Northwest; and 5 to 10 percent for all of the Northeast, as well as portions of the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, northern Midwest, northern Great Plains, and Pacific Northwest, with statistically significant increases in the 5 to 10 percent range for the Northeast, northeastern Midwest, and portions of the northern Great Plains and Pacific Northwest.

Projected decreases of up to 5 percent are expected across most of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as southern California.

Droughts, a natural part of Iowa’s climate, are projected to increase in intensity due to higher temperatures and the associated increase in evaporation rates and soil moisture loss.

Details on observations and projections are available on the Technical Details and Additional Information page.
The compiled version of the 2022 State Climate Summaries, including the complete author list and recommended citations, is available on the Downloads page.

Authors: Laura E. Stevens, North Carolina State University; James Anheuser, North Carolina State University; Mark R. Essig, North Carolina State University; April D. Lamb, North Carolina State University; Thomas K. Maycock, North Carolina State University; Andrea L. McCarrick, North Carolina State University; Alexis Visovatti, North Carolina State University
Contributors: Jessicca Allen, Visual Communications Lead and PDF Layout, North Carolina State University; Jeff Bliss, Data Explorer Tool Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center; Amy Camper, Visual Communications and PDF Layout, Innovative Consulting & Management Services, LLC; Ryan Cox, Web Application Engineer, North Carolina State University; Jacquelyn Crossman, Citation Management, NOAA NCEI Librarian, MPF-ZAI; Greg Dobson, GIS and Figure Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center; David R. Easterling, Advisor, Future Climate, LLC, and Earth Knowledge, Inc.; Aaron Goodman, Web Developer, North Carolina State University; Katharine M. Johnson, Web Team Lead and GIS Analyst, North Carolina State University; Kenneth E. Kunkel, Advisor and Principal Research Scholar, North Carolina State University; Ciara R. Lemery, Figure and Production Coordination, Independent Contractor; Angel Li, Web Developer, North Carolina State University; Dave Michelson, Data Explorer Tool Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center; Ronald Opio, Data Analysis and Figure Development, North Carolina State University; Xia Sun, Data Analysis and Figure Development, North Carolina State University; Xiangdong Zhang, Advisor, North Carolina State University
Acknowledgements: Tamara Houston, Regional Climate Center Review Coordination, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; Melissa Widhalm, Midwest Region Expert Review, Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Purdue University
Recommended Citation: Stevens, L.E., J. Anheuser, M.R. Essig, A.D. Lamb, T.K. Maycock, A.L. McCarrick, and A. Visovatti, 2026: 2025 State Climate Summaries for the United States: Iowa. [Update to Frankson et al., 2022: Iowa State Climate Summary 2022.] North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies Report NCICS-001-IA. North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC. https://doi.org/10.52750/105987

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2025 State Climate Summaries

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