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2025 State Climate Summaries

INDIANA

Morning Panorama by Tom Gill
License: CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

KEY MESSAGES

Key Message1

Annual average temperatures in Indiana have increased more than 1.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century, with greater warming in the winter and spring than in the summer and fall. Under the intermediate and higher emissions pathways, historically unprecedented warming is projected during this century, with corresponding decreases in cold wave intensity and increases in heat wave intensity.

Key Message2

Spring precipitation and summer precipitation have generally been above average in recent years, affecting agriculture both positively (adequate soil moisture) and negatively (delays in spring planting). Under the intermediate emissions pathway, statistically significant increases are projected by midcentury in annual, winter, and spring precipitation across portions of the state. Heavier spring precipitation increases the risk of springtime flooding, posing a threat to Indiana’s important agricultural economy.

Key Message3

Several extreme weather and climate events have occurred in Indiana in recent years. The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are projected to increase, potentially resulting in increased flooding. Rising temperatures are projected to make future droughts more intense.

Indiana’s location in the interior of North America and the lack of mountains to the north and south expose the state to incursions of bitterly cold air masses from the Arctic in the winter and warm, humid air masses from the Gulf of America (formerly Gulf of Mexico) in the summer. Annual average temperature varies widely across the state, with a range of about 10°F from north to south. Typical summer maximum temperatures range from the low 80s (°F) in northern parts of the state to the high 80s in the south (1991–2020 averages). Average winter minimum temperatures range from less than 20°F in the north to almost 30°F in the south. In northwestern Indiana, Lake Michigan moderates the temperature, causing cooler summers and warmer winters.

Figure 1 Observed and Projected Temperature Change
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Figure 1. Observed and Projected Temperature Change. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 1: Observed and projected changes (compared to the 1901–1960 average) in near-surface annual average air temperature for Indiana. Observed data are for 1900–2024. Projected changes for 2015–2100 were generated using global climate models to explore three possible futures, associated with lower, intermediate, and higher greenhouse gas emissions pathways (the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively). Temperatures in Indiana (black line) have increased more than 1.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century (based on a linear trend). Shading indicates the range of annual temperatures from the set of models. Observed temperatures are generally within the envelope of model simulations of the historical period (light gray shading). Less warming is expected under a lower emissions future (the coldest end-of-century projections being about 2.2°F warmer than the 1901–1960 average; blue shading) and more warming under a higher emissions future (the hottest end-of-century projections being about 13.2°F warmer than the hottest year in the observed record; red shading), while the intermediate emissions future leads to moderate warming (with end-of-century projections ranging from about 4.3°F to 10.4°F above the 1901–1960 average; dark gray shading). Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv and CMIP6.
Description

Time series of observed and projected temperature change (in degrees Fahrenheit) for Indiana from 1900 to 2100 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from negative 4 to positive 20 degrees. Observed annual temperatures from 1900 to 2024 show variability and range from negative 3.3 to positive 3.8 degrees. By the end of the century, projected increases in temperature range from 2.2 to 8.3 degrees under the lower emissions pathway, from 4.5 to 10.7 degrees under the intermediate pathway, and from 8.6 to 17.5 degrees under the higher pathway.

Annual average temperatures in Indiana have increased more than 1.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century (Figure 1). Since the 2010s, temperatures have been higher than in any other historical period. Warming has been concentrated in winter and spring, while summers have not warmed substantially (Figures 2a and 2b), a feature characteristic of much of the Midwest. Five-year averages for summer temperature during the 1930s and early 1940s are still the highest on record. The lack of summer warming is reflected in a generally below-average number of very hot days since the late 1950s (Figure 3a), although the number of very warm nights has generally been near or above average since the 1980s (Figure 3b). Winter warming is reflected in a mostly below-average number of very cold nights since the 1990s (Figure 4).

Figure 2 Observed Winter Average and Summer Average Temperatures
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Figure 2. Observed Winter Average and Summer Average Temperatures. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 2: Observed (a) winter (December–February) and (b) summer (June–August) average temperatures for Indiana from (a) 1895–96 to 2023–24 and (b) 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods (first bar in Figure 2a is a 4-winter average). The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of (a) 29.1°F and (b) 72.6°F. Winter temperatures have generally been near or above average since the late 1980s, while summer temperatures have not increased substantially, generally remaining below the high values seen in the 1930s and early 1940s. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.
Description

Two graphs of the observed (a) winter and (b) summer average temperatures for Indiana from 1985–96 to 2023–24 and 1895 to 2024, respectively as described in the caption.

Panel A: Winter Average Temperature
Y-axis values range from 16 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 19.7 to 37.4 degrees. Five-year values also show variability and are all near or below the long-term average of 29.1 degrees between 1895 and 1989 except for the 1930 to 1934 and 1950 to 1954 periods. Since 1990, 5-year values are all near or above average. The 1975 to 1979 period has the lowest 5-year value at 25.0 degrees, and the 2020 to 2024 period has the highest at 33.3 degrees.

Panel B: Summer Average Temperature
Y-axis values range from 68 to 78 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 68.5 to 76.5 degrees. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 72.6 degrees between 1895 and 1929, mostly near or above average between 1930 and 1959, and all below average between 1960 and 1979. Since 1980, 5-year values are mostly above average. The 1925 to 1929 period has the lowest 5-year value at 71.0 degrees, and the 1930 to 1934 period has the highest at 74.4 degrees.

Figure 3 Observed Number of Very Hot Days and Very Warm Nights
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Figure 3. Observed Number of Very Hot Days and Very Warm Nights. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 3: Observed annual number of (a) very hot days (maximum temperature of 95°F or higher) and (b) very warm nights (minimum temperature of 75°F or higher) for Indiana from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of (a) 6.5 days and (b) 1.5 nights. Since the late1950s, the number of very hot days has mostly been below average. The number of very warm nights has generally been near or above average since the 1980s but has not reached the levels of the 1930s. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.
Description

Two graphs of the observed annual number of (a) very hot days and (b) very warm nights for Indiana from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Panel A: Very Hot Days
Y-axis values range from 0 to 44 days. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0 to 39.5 days. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or above the long-term average of 6.5 days between 1900 and 1954 but are all near or below average since 1955. The 2015 to 2019 period has the lowest 5-year value at 0.5 days, and the 1930 to 1934 period has the highest at 20.3 days.

Panel B: Very Warm Nights
Y-axis values range from 0 to 14 nights. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0 to 12.5 nights. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 1.5 nights between 1900 and 1979. Exceptions include the 1930 to 1934 and 1935 to 1939 periods, which have the highest 5-year values at 4.8 and 3.8 nights, respectively. Since 1980, 5-year values are mostly near or above average. The 1960 to 1964 and 1970 to 1974 periods have the lowest 5-year values at 0.4 nights each.

Figure 4 Observed Number of Very Cold Nights
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Figure 4. Observed Number of Very Cold Nights. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 4: Observed annual number of very cold nights (minimum temperature of 0°F or lower) for Indiana from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 6.0 nights. The number of very cold nights has mostly been near or below average since the 1990s, consistent with observed winter warming in the region. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.
Description

Graph of the observed annual number of very cold nights for Indiana from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 0 to 32 nights. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0 to 27.0 nights. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly above the long-term average of 6.0 nights between 1900 and 1919, all near or below average between 1920 and 1959, and all near or above average between 1960 and 1989. Since 1990, 5-year values are all near or below average. The 2020 to 2024 period has the lowest 5-year value at 2.6 nights, and the 1975 to 1976 period has the highest at 14.2 nights.

Statewide annual precipitation has varied from a low of 29.1 inches in 1963 to a high of 55.2 inches in 2011 (Figure 5). Annual precipitation also varies widely across the state, ranging from about 48 inches in the south to 39 inches in the north (1991–2020 averages). For snowfall, the pattern is reversed, with the southwest averaging less than 15 inches and some northern locations near Lake Michigan averaging more than 65 inches. Locations close to Lake Michigan occasionally receive heavy winter precipitation from lake-effect snows (localized, enhanced snowfall caused by cold, dry air moving across warmer lake water), but these big snow events can extend as far inland as Elkhart (north-central Indiana). On January 18–19, 2024, a lake-effect storm dropped 21.9 inches of snow in La Porte, setting a new single-day record for that location. The worst blizzard in the state occurred in central Indiana in January 1978, where significant snowfall occurred for a period of 31 hours, leading to widespread impacts and 70 deaths. Indianapolis received snowfall totals of 20 inches—a record that still stands today.

Figure 5 Observed Total Annual Precipitation
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Figure 5. Observed Total Annual Precipitation. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 5: Observed total annual precipitation for Indiana from 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 40.5 inches. Annual precipitation varies widely but has mostly been near or above average since the 1990s. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.
Description

Graph of the observed total annual precipitation for Indiana from 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 24 to 60 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 29.1 to 55.2 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 40.5 inches between 1895 and 1969 but are all near or above average since 1970 except for the 1985 to 1989 period. The 1940 to 1944 period has the lowest 5-year value at 35.2 inches, and the 2015 to 2019 period has the highest at 47.2 inches.

On average, Indiana has experienced wet springs and summers since the late 1990s and late 1970s, respectively (Figures 6a and 6b). While above-average precipitation during these critical growth months is important for adequate soil moisture, it can potentially lead to significant impacts such as loss of soil nutrients, planting delays, and reduced crop yields.

Figure 6 Observed Total Spring and Total Summer Precipitation
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Figure 6. Observed Total Spring and Total Summer Precipitation. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 6: Observed total (a) spring (March–May) and (b) summer (June–August) precipitation for Indiana from 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of 11.6 inches for both seasons. Spring precipitation and summer precipitation have generally been above average since the late 1990s and late 1970s, respectively. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.
Description

Two graphs of the observed total (a) spring and (b) summer precipitation for Indiana from 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Panel A: Total Spring Precipitation
Y-axis values range from 4 to 22 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 5.2 to 19.6 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 11.6 inches between 1895 and 1994 but are all above average since 1995. The 1930 to 1934 period has the lowest 5-year value at 9.2 inches, and the 1995 to 1999 period has the highest at 13.7 inches.

Panel B: Total Summer Precipitation
Y-axis values range from 4 to 22 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 6.1 to 20.3 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are all near or below the long-term average of 11.6 inches between 1895 and 1974 except for the 1955 to 1959 period. Since 1975, 5-year values are mostly near or above average. The 1930 to 1934 period has the lowest 5-year value at 9.2 inches, and the 2015 to 2019 period has the highest at 15.0 inches.

Indiana has also experienced an increase in the number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events since the 1970s, although values during the 2020–2024 period were generally below average (Figure 7). Extreme precipitation events can often lead to severe flooding. The Great Flood of March 23–26, 1913, was the worst flood in Indiana history. Heavy rainfall caused many rivers across the state to reach flood stage. More than 100 people were killed, with damages estimated at more than $20 million. Heavy rains also led to severe flooding across central and southern Indiana on June 6–7, 2008, when up to 10 inches of precipitation fell on saturated ground. Many streams reached record flood levels. In total, 39 counties were declared disaster areas, and damages were estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars. In the summer of 2015, central Indiana experienced historic levels of rainfall; it was the wettest July on record for Indianapolis (8.7 inches above normal). Flooding in June and July exceeded flood control capacity in three reservoirs for the first time since they were built in the late 1960s. The magnitude of this event rivaled that of the exceptional drought that impacted the state in 2012 (discussed below).

Figure 7 Observed Number of 2-Inch Extreme Precipitation Events
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Figure 7. Observed Number of 2-Inch Extreme Precipitation Events. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 7: Observed annual number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events (days with precipitation of 2 inches or more) for Indiana from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 1.6 events, indicating that a typical station experiences about two events per year. The number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events has generally been above average since the 1990s, although the 2020–2024 period was below average. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.
Description

Graph of the observed annual number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events for Indiana from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 0 to 4 events. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0.4 to 3.7 events. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or below the long-term average of 1.6 events between 1900 and 1989 but are all above average between 1990 and 2019. The 2020 to 2024 period is below average. The 1970 to 1974 period has the lowest 5-year value at 1.0 events, and the 2005 to 2009 and 2015 to 2019 periods have the highest at 2.4 and 2.3 events, respectively.

Indiana has experienced several other extreme weather and climate events in recent years. Dangerous storms can occur in every season and can cause major impacts, including loss of life, property damage, and disruptions to economic activity. Winter can bring snow and ice storms, while thunderstorms capable of producing floods, hail, and tornadoes are common in the warmer months. One of the state’s worst winter storms occurred during December 22–23, 2004. More than 20 inches of snow fell across the southern part of the state. Many locations reported record amounts, including the city of Washington, with 32 inches of snow. With temperatures below freezing, the snow lingered for several days, shutting down airports and interstates and stranding holiday travelers. The storm killed five people, and a state of emergency was declared for 50 counties. Heavy snowstorms during the first week of January 2014 dumped at least 1 foot of snow over central and northern Indiana, with more than 2 feet recorded in several locations.

Indiana has a long and deadly history of tornadic storms. On March 18, 1925, the deadliest tornado in US history—the Tri-State Tornado—struck southwestern Indiana after tracking across Missouri and Illinois. The tornado destroyed parts of Griffin, Owensville, and Princeton and caused hundreds of injuries and 76 deaths. The Palm Sunday Outbreak on April 11, 1965, included several tornadoes in Indiana, eight of them at F4 intensity. The outbreak injured hundreds in the state and killed more than 130 people. Indiana’s largest tornado outbreak occurred on June 2, 1990, and included 37 tornadoes, several of them at F4 intensity. More recently, thunderstorms on March 31, 2023, produced 22 tornadoes in central Indiana, leading to five fatalities. This was the fifth-largest tornado outbreak in Indiana history.

Agriculture, an important sector of Indiana’s economy, is particularly vulnerable to a variety of extreme weather conditions. In 2007, unusually high March temperatures followed by a hard freeze in April devastated much of the state’s fruit crops, with total agricultural losses estimated at more than $40 million. In 2012, a large drought across the Midwest severely impacted the state. Rainfall for May, June, and July totaled 6.6 inches, more than 5 inches below average, making this the fourth-driest May–July period (after 1936, 1930, and 1988) in 130 years of recordkeeping (1895–2024). By early August, almost 70% of the state was in extreme drought (as defined by the US Drought Monitor), with a quarter of the state experiencing exceptional drought. The drought caused major damage to crops, particularly in the southern third of the state.

Changes in seasonal and multiyear precipitation, evaporation, and temperature can affect water levels in the Great Lakes, causing serious environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Extreme high lake levels can damage beaches, erode shorelines, and flood and damage nearshore structures. Low lake levels can affect the supply and quality of water, restrict shipping, and result in the loss of wetlands. Reduced winter ice cover from rising temperatures also leaves shores vulnerable to erosion and flooding. Water levels in the Great Lakes have fluctuated widely since the early 20th century. For Lake Michigan–Huron (Figure 8), levels were generally high in the early 20th century, early 1950s, early 1970s, mid-1980s, and late 2010s. Levels were lowest in the mid-1920s, mid-1930s, mid-1960s, and, for an extended period, in the early 2000s to mid-2010s—averaging 577.5 feet over 2000–2013. Lake levels rose rapidly after that, reaching a record high of 581.7 feet in 2020 before dropping off to early-1990s levels by 2023.

Figure 8 Lake-Wide Water Levels for Lake Michigan–Huron
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Figure 8. Lake-Wide Water Levels for Lake Michigan–Huron. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 8: Annual time series of the average water levels for Lake Michigan–Huron from 1918 to 2023. Lake Michigan–Huron levels reached record lows in the mid-1930s and mid-1960s and record highs in the mid-1980s and early 2020s. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: USACE Great Lakes and Ohio River Division.
Description

Time series of annual average water levels for Lake Michigan–Huron from 1918 to 2023 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 576 to 583 feet. Annual values show wide variability and range from a high of nearly 582 feet in 1986 and 2020 to a low of about 576 feet in 1964. Annual values are mostly between 577 and 579 feet from the beginning of the period to the late 1960s but mostly between 579 and 581 feet from the early 1970s to late 1990s. The 2000s through the early 2010s show consistently low water levels between 577 and 578 feet. Levels rose sharply in the late 2010s to nearly 582 feet in 2020 but then dropped to nearly 579 feet by 2023.

Under the intermediate and higher emissions pathways, historically unprecedented warming is projected during this century (Figure 1). Even under the lower emissions pathway, most projections show annual average temperatures exceeding historical levels by the middle of the century. However, projections for all three pathways show a large range of potential temperature increases, and some projections for the lower pathway are comparable to recent observed values. With rising temperatures, the intensity of cold waves is projected to decrease, while future heat waves are projected to be more intense. Extreme heat is a particular concern for Indianapolis and other urban areas. Heat absorbed and emitted by buildings and pavement makes cities even warmer than the surrounding countryside, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island effect.

Under the intermediate emissions pathway, projected increases in total spring precipitation by midcentury are statistically significant for a portion of eastern Indiana but are less certain elsewhere (Figure 9). Statistically significant increases are also projected for annual precipitation (in the north-central portion of the state) and winter precipitation (along the northern borders with Michigan and Ohio). There is uncertainty in projections for summer and fall precipitation. The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are projected to increase, potentially resulting in increased flooding. Heavier spring precipitation increases the risk of springtime flooding, posing a threat to Indiana’s important agricultural economy by delaying planting and reducing crop yields.

Figure 9 Projected Changes in Total Spring Precipitation
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Figure 9. Projected Changes in Total Spring Precipitation. For more details, consult the image description section following the caption.
Figure 9: Projected changes in total spring (March–May) precipitation (%) for the middle of the 21st century (2041–2070) compared to the 1991–2020 average under the intermediate emissions pathway (SSP2-4.5 scenario). Hatching represents areas where the majority of climate models indicate a statistically significant change. Statistically significant increases of 5–15% in total spring precipitation are projected for central and southern portions of the eastern border of Indiana by midcentury. Spring precipitation is also projected to increase throughout the rest of the state; however, these changes are not statistically significant. Adapted from Frankson et al. 2022. Data: CMIP6.
Description

Map of the contiguous United States showing the projected changes in total spring precipitation by the middle of this century as described in the caption. The state of Indiana is outlined in black.

Legend values range from less than negative 10 to greater than positive 15 percent. Note: unless otherwise specified, projected values are not statistically significant.

Indiana
Projected increases in total spring precipitation for Indiana are as follows: 5 to 10 percent across the southern half of the state and a small portion of the northwestern corner, 10 to 15 percent across most the northern half, and statistically significant increases in the 5 to 15 percent range along the central portion of the eastern border.

Contiguous US
Projected increases in total spring precipitation are as follows: up to 5 percent across a narrow strip running westward and curving northwestward from western Georgia into the Pacific Northwest; 5 to 10 percent in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast, as well as southern areas of the Midwest, central portions of the Great Plains, and portions of the Northwest; and 10 to 15 percent in the northern areas of the Northeast, Midwest, and Great Plains, with statistically significant increases in the 10 to 15 percent range across the northern border of the country stretching from Maine to Montana.

Decreases of up to 10 percent are seen across the southern Great Plains and Southwest, including southern Texas, all of Arizona, and most of New Mexico and California.

Droughts, a natural part of Indiana’s climate, are projected to increase in intensity due to higher temperatures and the associated increase in evaporation rates and soil moisture loss.

Details on observations and projections are available on the Technical Details and Additional Information page.
The compiled version of the 2022 State Climate Summaries, including the complete author list and recommended citations, is available on the Downloads page.

Authors
Laura E. Stevens, North Carolina State University
James Anheuser, North Carolina State University
Mark R. Essig, North Carolina State University
April D. Lamb, North Carolina State University
Thomas K. Maycock, North Carolina State University
Andrea L. McCarrick, North Carolina State University
Alexis Visovatti, North Carolina State University
Contributors
Jessicca Allen, Visual Communications Lead and PDF Layout, North Carolina State University
Jeff Bliss, Data Explorer Tool Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center
Amy Camper, Visual Communications and PDF Layout, Innovative Consulting & Management Services, LLC
Ryan Cox, Web Application Engineer, North Carolina State University
Jacquelyn Crossman, Citation Management, NOAA NCEI Librarian, MPF-ZAI
Greg Dobson, GIS and Figure Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center
David R. Easterling, Advisor, Future Climate, LLC, and Earth Knowledge, Inc.
Aaron Goodman, Web Developer, North Carolina State University
Katharine M. Johnson, Web Team Lead and GIS Analyst, North Carolina State University
Kenneth E. Kunkel, Advisor and Principal Research Scholar, North Carolina State University
Ciara R. Lemery, Figure and Production Coordination, Independent Contractor
Angel Li, Web Developer, North Carolina State University
Dave Michelson, Data Explorer Tool Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center
Ronald Opio, Data Analysis and Figure Development, North Carolina State University
Xia Sun, Data Analysis and Figure Development, North Carolina State University
Xiangdong Zhang, Advisor, North Carolina State University
Acknowledgements
Tamara Houston, Regional Climate Center Review Coordination, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Melissa Widhalm, Midwest Region Expert Review, Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Purdue University
Recommended Citation
Stevens, L.E., J. Anheuser, M.R. Essig, A.D. Lamb, T.K. Maycock, A.L. McCarrick, and A. Visovatti, 2026: 2025 State Climate Summaries for the United States: Indiana. [Update to Frankson et al., 2022: Indiana State Climate Summary 2022.] North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies Report NCICS-001-IN. North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC. https://doi.org/10.52750/139933

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