2025 State Climate Summaries for the United States

Stevens, L.E.; Anheuser, J.; Essig, M.R.; Lamb, A.D.; Maycock, T.K.; McCarrick, A.L.; Visovatti, A.

doi:doi.org/10.52750/153632

Maine's northerly latitude and location on the eastern edge of the North American continent expose the state to both the moderating and moistening influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the effects of hot and cold air masses from the interior of the continent. Midlatitude storm tracks and the proximity of the jet stream also influence the state's weather patterns. Maine's climate is characterized by cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Winter low temperatures range from around 18°F in the far south to around 0°F in some northern and interior portions of the state (1991–2020 averages). Summer high temperatures range from the low 70s (°F) in the far north to the high 70s in the south. Total annual precipitation generally ranges from about 40 to 50 inches across the state, with higher amounts along the coast and more than 60 inches often recorded at the highest elevations. Unlike most other US states, precipitation is relatively consistent across every month of the year. Maine's snowfall season begins from late October to early December (depending on location) and ends in April or sometimes May. Seasonal accumulations typically range from 60 to 100 inches across the majority of the state, with the northern tip of the state receiving up to 100 inches. Maine is approximately 90% forested and has more than 3,500 miles of coastline, making economic sectors such as forestry, commercial fishing, sport hunting and fishing, and tourism, as well as important ecosystems, all sensitive to a changing climate.

Figure 1: Observed and projected changes (compared to the 1901–1960 average) in near-surface annual average air temperature for Maine. Observed data are for 1900–2024. Projected changes for 2015–2100 were generated using global climate models to explore three possible futures, associated with lower, intermediate, and higher greenhouse gas emissions pathways (the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively). Temperatures in Maine (black line) have increased more than 3.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century (based on a linear trend). Shading indicates the range of annual temperatures from the set of models. Observed temperatures are generally within the envelope of model simulations of the historical period (light gray shading). Less warming is expected under a lower emissions future (the coldest end-of-century projections being about 2.6°F warmer than the 1901–1960 average; blue shading) and more warming under a higher emissions future (the hottest end-of-century projections being about 14.0°F warmer than the hottest year in the observed record; red shading), while the intermediate emissions future leads to moderate warming (with end-of-century projections ranging from about 4.8°F to 11.9°F above the 1901–1960 average; dark gray shading). Adapted from Runkle et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv and CMIP6.

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Time series of observed and projected temperature change (in degrees Fahrenheit) for Maine from 1900 to 2100 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from negative 4 to positive 22 degrees. Observed annual temperatures from 1900 to 2024 show variability and range from negative 3.3 to positive 5.2 degrees. By the end of the century, projected increases in temperature range from 2.7 to 9.5 degrees under the lower emissions pathway, from 4.8 to 11.7 degrees under the intermediate pathway, and from 9.7 to 19.5 degrees under the higher pathway.

Annual average temperatures in Maine have increased more than 3.5°F since the beginning of the 20th century (Figure 1). The amount of winter warming (Figure 2a) has been approximately twice that of summer warming (Figure 2b), with persistently above-average winter and summer temperatures occurring since the late 1990s and early 1990s, respectively. The number of hot days has generally been below average since the late 1950s (Figure 3a). Winter warming is reflected in a generally below-average number of very cold nights since the late 1990s (Figure 3b). Winter warming has also resulted in earlier lake ice-out dates. On Damariscotta Lake, the average annual ice-out date has shifted from mid-April in the middle of the 20th century to early April over the last 30 years. The growing season in Maine has also lengthened.

Figure 2: Observed (a) winter (December–February) and (b) summer (June–August) average temperatures for Maine from (a) 1895–96 to 2023–24 and (b) 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods (first bar in Figure 2a is a 4-winter average). The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of (a) 16.3°F and (b) 63.0°F. Winter and summer temperatures have generally been above average since the late 1990s and early 1990s, respectively. The highest 5-year averages for both were recorded for the 2020–2024 period. Adapted from Runkle et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.

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Two graphs of the observed (a) winter and (b) summer average temperatures for Maine from (a) 1895–96 to 2023–24 and (b) 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Panel A: Winter Average Temperature
Y-axis values range from 4 to 28 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 7.8 to 24.4 degrees. Five-year values also show variability and are all near or below the long-term average of 16.3 degrees between 1895 and 1979 except for the 1950 to 1954 period. Since 1980, 5-year values are all near or above average except for the 1990 to 1994 period. the 1905 to 1909 and 1920 to 1924 periods have the lowest 5-year values at 13.1 and 13.2 degrees, respectively, and the 2020 to 2024 period has the highest at 21.9 degrees.

Panel B: Summer Average Temperature
Y-axis values range from 56 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 58.2 to 66.3 degrees. Five-year values also show variability and are all below the long-term average of 63.0 degrees between 1895 and 1934, all above average between 1935 and 1949, and all below average between 1950 and 1969. Since 1970, all 5-year values are above average except for the 1985 to 1989 period. The 1900 to 1904 period has the lowest 5-year value at 60.9 degrees, and the 2020 to 2024 period has the highest at 65.4 degrees.

Figure 3: Observed annual number of (a) hot days (maximum temperature of 90°F or higher) and (b) very cold nights (minimum temperature of 0°F or lower) for Maine from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black lines show the long-term (entire period) averages of (a) 3.7 days and (b) 29.2 nights. The number of hot days was highest in the late 1930s and 1940s and has generally been below average since the late 1950s. The number of very cold nights was generally below the long-term average from the late 1920s through the 1950s and generally above average through the early 1990s before declining again, with the 2020–2024 period having the lowest 5-year average. Adapted from Runkle et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.

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Two graphs of the observed annual number of (a) hot days and (b) very cold nights for Maine from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Panel A: Hot Days
Y-axis values range from 0 to 20 days. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0 to 16.5 days. Five-year values also show variability and are mostly near or above the long-term average of 3.7 days between 1900 and 1954 but are all below average since 1955. The 1995 to 1999 and 2005 to 2009 periods have the lowest 5-year values at 1.8 and 1.7 days, respectively, and the 1935 to 1939, 1940 to 1944, and 1945 to 1949 periods have the highest at 7.8, 7.9, and 8.8 days, respectively.

Panel B: Very Cold Nights
Y-axis values range from 0 to 70 nights. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 4.5 to 58.3 nights. Five-year values also show variability and are all above the long-term average of 29.2 nights between 1900 and 1924, all below average between 1925 and 1959, and all above average between 1960 and 1994. All 5-year values since 1995 are below average. The 2020 to 2024 period has the lowest 5-year value at 13.9 nights, and the 1975 to 1979 and 1985 to 1989 periods have the highest at 40.3 and 39.7 nights, respectively.

Annual and seasonal precipitation is highly variable from year to year. Statewide total annual precipitation has ranged from a low of 29.8 inches in 2001 to a high of 61.6 inches in 2005 (Figure 4). Annual precipitation in Maine shows no clear long-term trend, but has generally been above average since 2005. The number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events varies widely from year-to-year, but the three highest 5-year averages have occurred since the 2005–2009 period (Figure 5).

Figure 4: Observed total annual precipitation for Maine from 1895 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 42.8 inches. Annual precipitation has generally been above average since the late 2000s. Adapted from Runkle et al. 2022. Data: NClimDiv.

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Graph of the observed total annual precipitation for Maine from 1895 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 28 to 64 inches. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 29.8 to 61.6 inches. Five-year values also show variability and are all below the long-term average of 42.8 inches between 1900 and 1969 except for the 1900 to 1904, 1935 to 1939, and 1950 to 1954 periods. Since 1970, 5-year values are all above average except for the 1985 to 1989 and 2000 to 2004 periods. The 1910 to 1914 period has the lowest 5-year value at 38.7 inches, and the 2005 to 2009 period has the highest at 53.3 inches.

Figure 5: Observed annual number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events (days with precipitation of 2 inches or more) for Maine from 1900 to 2024. Dots show annual values. Bars show averages over 5-year periods. The horizontal black line shows the long-term (entire period) average of 1.6 events, indicating that a typical reporting station experiences one to two events per year. Maine experienced the highest number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events during the 2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2020–2024 periods. Adapted from Runkle et al. 2022. Data: GHCN-Daily.

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Graph of the observed annual number of 2-inch extreme precipitation events for Maine from 1900 to 2024 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from 0 to 6 events. Annual values show year-to-year variability and range from 0 to 4.9 events. Five-year values also show variability and are above the long-term average of 1.6 events for the 1900 to 1904 period, mostly near or below average between 1905 and 1964, all above average between 1965 and 1984, and all below average between 1985 and 2004 except for the 1995 to 1999 period. Since 2005, 5-year values are all above average except for the 2015 to 2019 period. The 1945 to 1949 and 1955 to 1959 periods have the lowest 5-year values at 0.29 and 0.33 events, respectively, and the 2005 to 2009 and 2020 to 2024 periods have the highest at 3.2 and 3.0 events, respectively.

Maine has experienced an increase in drought conditions in recent years, with notable droughts occurring in 2002, 2016, and 2020–2022. Drought events lead to widespread impacts on water supplies, agriculture, and recreation and increase wildfire risk. Drought conditions in 2020 contributed to more than 900 wildfires, the most Maine had seen in a decade.

Maine experiences several types of extreme weather, including heat waves, cold waves, severe rainstorms, ice storms, and tornadoes, as well as nor'easters—cold-season coastal storms that can generate a tremendous amount of precipitation (in the form of snow, sleet, or freezing rain), strong winds, coastal flooding, and damage to infrastructure. From January 5–9, 1998, a severe winter storm brought ice accretions of 1–3 inches, snapping more than three thousand utility poles, knocking out power to more than 800,000 people (about 70% of Maine's population), damaging 11 million acres of Maine forest, and leading to five deaths in the state. More recently, widespread heavy rain of 3–4 inches—and pockets of 6–8 inches—fell onto a heavy snowpack in western and southern Maine during December 17–21, 2023, causing catastrophic flooding along several rivers and leading to two deaths. In general, nor'easters cause more disruption than any other type of extreme weather. Observed wind speeds from nor'easters are often equal to or greater than those of the hurricanes that have reached Maine. The Halloween nor'easter of 1991, sometimes called the "Perfect Storm," battered Maine's shoreline with large waves and high storm surge, damaging structures—including then-President George H.W. Bush's house in Kennebunkport—roads, and other infrastructure. Nor'easters are prevalent in most years in winter, spring, and fall, while landfalling hurricanes are very rare in Maine. Since 1900, only four tropical storms have reached Maine with hurricane-force winds, the last being Hurricane Bob in 1991. The number of landfalling Atlantic hurricanes is not expected to rise. However, rainfall rates from such storms, as well as the proportion of time they spend as major hurricanes, are projected to increase.

Under the intermediate and higher emissions pathways, historically unprecedented warming is projected during this century (Figure 1). Even under the lower emissions pathway, most projections show annual average temperatures exceeding historical levels by the middle of the century. However, projections for all three pathways show a large range of potential temperature increases, and some projections for the lower pathway are comparable to recent observed values. The intensity of cold waves is projected to decrease, while heat waves are projected to increase in intensity, potentially raising the importance of such events in this historically moderate summer climate.

Under the intermediate emissions pathway, statistically significant increases are projected across the state in total annual precipitation and winter precipitation (Figure 6) by midcentury. Statistically significant increases are also projected for spring precipitation across northern and western parts of the state. There is uncertainty in projections for summer and fall precipitation. Increases are projected in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, potentially resulting in increased flooding risks and the degradation of surface water quality, as greater runoff from more intense storms carries pollutants into freshwater resources. Coastal communities, characterized by many rivers, are particularly vulnerable to increases in precipitation and the number of extreme precipitation events.

Figure 6: Projected changes in total winter (December–February) precipitation (%) for the middle of the 21st century (2041–2070) compared to the 1991–2020 average under the intermediate emissions pathway (SSP2-4.5 scenario). For areas with hatching, a majority of models project statistically significant changes and agree on the direction of change. For areas without hatching, less than half of models project statistically significant changes. Statistically significant increases of 10–15% in total winter precipitation are projected across Maine by midcentury. Adapted from Runkle et al. 2022. Data: CMIP6.

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Map of the contiguous United States showing the projected changes in total winter precipitation by the middle of this century as described in the caption. The state of Maine is outlined in black.

Legend values range from less than negative 10 to greater than positive 15 percent. Note: unless otherwise specified, projected values are not statistically significant.

Maine
All of Maine is projected to see statistically significant increases in total winter precipitation of 10 to 15 percent.

Contiguous US
Projected increases in total winter precipitation are as follows: up to 5 percent across a narrow swath running westward from western Georgia to southern California; 5 to 10 percent in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, southern Midwest, portions of the Great Plains, and most of the West; and 10 to 15 percent in the majority of the Northeast and upper Midwest as well as portions of the northern Great Plains and Intermountain West, with statistically significant increases in the 10 to 15 percent range for the Northeast, the northernmost regions of the upper Midwest, and portions of the northern Great Plains.

Projected decreases are as follows: up to 5 percent for southern regions of the Southwest and northern and central Texas; 5 to 10 percent for southern New Mexico and western Texas; and 5 to 10 percent or greater for southwestern Texas.

Naturally occurring droughts are projected to increase in intensity due to higher temperatures and the associated increase in evaporation rates and soil moisture loss.

Maine is at considerable risk from warming oceans and from sea level rise. On average, the state experienced about 4 inches of sea level rise between 1970 and 2020, compared to 6 inches for the contiguous US as a whole. Between 1982 and 2024, surface temperatures in the Gulf of Maine rose at nearly triple the rate of the world's oceans, and the rate of sea level rise in the state is exacerbated by these rising ocean temperatures—sea levels at Portland have been rising at a rate of 2 inches or more per decade since the 2010s. Projections under the Intermediate sea level scenario show additional increases of about 10 inches by 2050 and 1.6 feet by 2070 (Figure 7). Across the five scenarios shown in Figure 7, the projected increases from 2020 to 2070 range from about 0.5 to 3 feet. Changes in ocean and atmospheric circulation have caused temporary destructive increases in sea level, such as the 4-inch rise along the Maine coast from 2009 to 2010. Rising sea levels in Maine increase risks of storm damage to coastal buildings and infrastructure, saltwater intrusion of freshwater aquifers used for drinking water, destruction of shorelines important to recreation, and damage to ecosystems including dunes and salt marshes.

Sea level rise also has caused an increase in high-tide floods associated with nuisance-level impacts, which are occurring more frequently, even on sunny days. High-tide flooding occurs when one or more factors—sea level rise, winds, changes in ocean currents, full or new moons—push water levels above the normal high-tide mark. These events can damage infrastructure, cause road closures, and overwhelm storm drains. High-tide flooding has increased in all US coastal areas, with more rapid increases along the East and Gulf Coasts, and is likely to occur more frequently in Maine as global and local sea levels continue to rise.

Figure 7: Observed and projected sea level changes for (a) the contiguous US and (b) Maine from 1970 to 2070, relative to the year 2000. Observed changes are shown for tide gauge data (1970–2024; black line) and satellite altimetry data (1992–2024; light orange line). Projected changes from 2020 to 2070 are shown for five scenarios from the Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Hazard Scenarios and Tools Interagency Task Force (Low, light blue; Intermediate-Low, medium blue; Intermediate, dark blue; Intermediate-High, yellow; and High, dark orange). Projections are 19-year averages centered on the years 2020, 2030, 2040, and so on. Solid lines represent median scenario values, while shading represents likely ranges for each scenario. Sea levels along the Maine coast are rising at a rate lower than that of the contiguous United States as a whole, having increased on average by about 4 inches from 1970 to 2020, with an additional 0.5–3 feet projected by 2070 (note that satellite observations do not account for the effects of local land subsidence, which are reflected in tide gauge observations). By comparison, sea levels for the contiguous US rose 6 inches from 1970 to 2020, with a further increase of about 0.5–3.5 feet projected by 2070. (a) Adapted from Sweet et al. 2022. (b) Source: CISESS NC. Data: Mean Sea Level Dataset for Sweet et al. 2022.

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Two time series of observed and projected relative sea level change for (a) the contiguous US and (b) Maine from 1970 to 2070 as described in the caption.

Y-axis values range from negative 1 to positive 4 feet for both graphs. Legends in both graphs denote sources of historical data and scenarios for projections. Line colors for historical data are black for tide gauge data and orange for satellite data. Line and shading colors for projections based on five scenarios are as follows: light blue, Low; medium blue, Intermediate-Low; dark blue, Intermediate; yellow, Intermediate-High; and dark orange, High.

Panel A: Contiguous US
Tide gauge and satellite data generally show increases but with year-to-year variability. Projected data show increases under all scenarios. Tide gauge values range from a minimum of negative 0.3 feet in 1976 to a maximum of positive 0.4 feet in 2023. Satellite data values range from a minimum of 0.0 feet in 1994 to a maximum of 0.4 feet in 2023. Projected sea level median values (lines) for the Low scenario range from 0.3 feet in 2020 to 1.1 feet in 2070, compared to 0.4 feet in 2020 to 3.1 feet in 2070 for the High scenario. Likely ranges (shading) become wider over the period shown. The range of likely values in 2070 for each of the five scenarios are as follows: Low scenario, from 0.9 to 1.4 feet; Intermediate-Low, 1.2 to 1.7 feet; Intermediate, 1.5 to 2.2 feet; Intermediate-High, 1.8 to 3.1 feet; and High, 2.4 to 3.8 feet.

Panel B: Maine
Both historical lines show gradual increases similar to those in the contiguous US graph, while future scenario lines show lower increases for the High and Intermediate-High scenarios but slightly higher increases for the Intermediate, Intermediate-Low, and Low scenarios. Tide gauge values range from a minimum of negative 0.2 feet in 1989 to a maximum of positive 0.5 feet in 2023. Satellite values range from a minimum of negative 0.2 feet in 1994 to a maximum of positive 0.4 feet in 2024. Projected sea level median values (lines) for the Low scenario range from 0.3 feet in 2020 to 1.2 feet in 2070, compared to 0.4 feet in 2020 to 2.9 feet in 2070 for the High scenario. Likely ranges (shading) become wider over the period shown. The range of likely values in 2070 for each of the five scenarios are as follows: Low scenario, from 0.9 to 1.6 feet; Intermediate-Low, 1.1 to 1.9 feet; Intermediate, 1.5 to 2.4 feet; Intermediate-High, 1.8 to 3.1 feet; and High, 2.1 to 3.7 feet.

Details on observations and projections are available on the Technical Details and Additional Information page.
The compiled version of the 2022 State Climate Summaries, including the complete author list and recommended citations, is available on the Downloads page.

Authors: Laura E. Stevens, North Carolina State University; James Anheuser, North Carolina State University; Mark R. Essig, North Carolina State University; April D. Lamb, North Carolina State University; Thomas K. Maycock, North Carolina State University; Andrea L. McCarrick, North Carolina State University; Alexis Visovatti, North Carolina State University
Contributors: Jessicca Allen, Visual Communications Lead and PDF Layout, North Carolina State University; Jeff Bliss, Data Explorer Tool Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center; Amy Camper, Visual Communications and PDF Layout, Innovative Consulting & Management Services, LLC; Ryan Cox, Web Application Engineer, North Carolina State University; Jacquelyn Crossman, Citation Management, NOAA NCEI Librarian, MPF-ZAI; Greg Dobson, GIS and Figure Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center; David R. Easterling, Advisor, Future Climate, LLC, and Earth Knowledge, Inc.; Aaron Goodman, Web Developer, North Carolina State University; Katharine M. Johnson, Web Team Lead and GIS Analyst, North Carolina State University; Kenneth E. Kunkel, Advisor and Principal Research Scholar, North Carolina State University; Ciara R. Lemery, Figure and Production Coordination, Independent Contractor; Angel Li, Web Developer, North Carolina State University; Dave Michelson, Data Explorer Tool Development, National Environmental Mapping and Applications Center; Ronald Opio, Data Analysis and Figure Development, North Carolina State University; Xia Sun, Data Analysis and Figure Development, North Carolina State University; Xiangdong Zhang, Advisor, North Carolina State University
Acknowledgements: Tamara Houston, Regional Climate Center Review Coordination, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information; Brittney W. Parker, Sea Level Rise Expert Review, NOAA National Ocean Service; Jessica Spaccio, Northeast Region Expert Review, Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University; William Sweet, Sea Level Rise Expert Review, NOAA National Ocean Service
Recommended Citation: Stevens, L.E., J. Anheuser, M.R. Essig, A.D. Lamb, T.K. Maycock, A.L. McCarrick, and A. Visovatti, 2026: 2025 State Climate Summaries for the United States: Maine. [Update to Runkle et al., 2022: Maine State Climate Summary 2022.] North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies Report NCICS-001-ME. North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC. https://doi.org/10.52750/666186

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