A

• ACRC, 2021: Annual Report 2020. Alaska Climate Research Center, Alaska State Climate Center, Fairbanks, AK, 28 pp. https://akclimate.org/data/annual-reports/?years=2020
• ACRC, n.d.: Alaska’s Climate [Elevation]. Alaska Climate Research Center, Alaska State Climate Center, Fairbanks, AK. https://akclimate.org/climate/
• ACRC, n.d.: Climate Change in Alaska. Alaska Climate Research Center, Alaska State Climate Center, Fairbanks, AK. https://akclimate.org/climate-change-in-alaska/
• Adaptation Subcommittee to the [Connecticut] Governor’s Steering Committee on Climate Change, 2010: The Impacts of Climate Change on Connecticut Agriculture, Infrastructure, Natural Resources and Public Health. Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT, 195 pp. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/ImpactsofClimateChangepdf.pdf
• ADWR, n.d.: Climate of the Eastern Plateau Planning Area. Arizona Department of Water Resources, Phoenix, AZ. https://web.archive.org/web/20190113193939/http://www.azwater.gov/AzDWR/StatewidePlanning/WaterAtlas/EasternPlateau/PlanningAreaOverview/Climate.htm
• Allsopp, J. and S. Rodriguez, 2011: February 1–2, 2011, Blizzard Summary, Updated 2/3/11 with Snow Totals. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Chicago Weather Forecast Office, Romeoville, IL, 12 pp. https://www.glenallenweather.com/historylinks/2011/2-3-2011.pdf
• Amico, C., D. DeBelius, T. Henry, and M. Stiles, n.d.: Dried Out: Confronting the Texas Drought. National Public Radio, StateImpact Texas. https://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/drought/
• Anderson, T.R., C.H. Fletcher, M.M. Barbee, L.N. Frazer, and B.M. Romine, 2015: Doubling of coastal erosion under rising sea level by mid-century in Hawaii. Natural Hazards, 78 (1), 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1698-6
• Angel, J., 2011: Over 10 million in Illinois impacted by storm. Illinois State Climatologist, February 11, 2011. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL. https://climateillinois.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/over-10-million-in-illinois-impacted-by-storm/
• ANRC, 2015: Arkansas Groundwater Protection and Management Report for 2014: A Supplement to the Arkansas Water Plan. Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, Little Rock, AR, 92 pp. https://static.ark.org/eeuploads/anrc/2015_Report_Final_Commpressed.pdf
• Associated Press, 2012: Hurricane Irene one year later: Storm cost $15.8 in damage from Florida to New York to the Caribbean. New York Daily News, August 27, 2012. https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/hurricane-irene-year-storm-cost-15-8-damage-florida-new-york-caribbean-article-1.1145302
• Austin, G., K. Rizzo, A. Matte, and B. Finnerty, 1998: Service Assessment: Ohio River Valley Flood of March 1997. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Office of Hydrology, Silver Spring, MD, 35 pp. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/6398
• Avila, L.A. and J. Cangialosi, 2011 (2013 update): Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irene, 21–28 August 2011. AL092011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 45 pp. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092011_Irene.pdf

B

• Bai, X. and J. Wang, 2012: Atmospheric teleconnection patterns associated with severe and mild ice cover on the Great Lakes, 1963–2011. Water Quality Research Journal, 47 (3–4), 421–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2012.009
• Barbero, R., J.T. Abatzoglou, N.K. Larkin, C.A. Kolden, and B. Stocks, 2015: Climate change presents increased potential for very large fires in the contiguous United States. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24 (7), 892–899. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15083
• Berg, R., 2013: Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isaac, 21 August–1 September 2012. AL092012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 78 pp. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092012_Isaac.pdf
• Blake, E., 2013: Hurricane Sandy [Presentation at the National Hurricane Center]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Miami, FL, March 28, 2013. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/outreach/presentations/Sandy2012.pdf
• Blake, E.S., T.B. Kimberlain, R.J. Berg, J.P. Cangialosi, and J.L. Beven II, 2013: Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy, 22–29 October 2012. AL182012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 157 pp. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf
• Boesch, D.F., L.P. Atkinson, W.C. Boicourt, J.D. Boon, D.R. Cahoon, R.A. Dalrymple, T. Ezer, B.P. Horton, Z.P. Johnson, R.E. Kopp, M. Li, R.H. Moss, A. Parris, and C.K. Sommerfield, 2013: Updating Maryland's Sea-Level Rise Projections. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, 22 pp. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70048086
• Boesch, D.F., W.C. Boicourt, R.I. Cullather, T. Ezer, J. G.E. Galloway, Z.P. Johnson, K.H. Kilbourne, M.L. Kirwan, R.E. Kopp, S. Land, M. Li, W. Nardin, C.K. Sommerfield, and W.V. Sweet, 2018: Sea-Level Rise: Projections for Maryland 2018. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, 27 pp. https://www.umces.edu/sites/default/files/Sea-Level%20Rise%20Projections%20for%20Maryland%202018_0.pdf
• Borenstein, S., 2014: Tennessee second in tornado deaths nationwide. The Tennessean, June 15, 2014. https://www.tennessean.com/story/weather/2014/06/15/tennessee-second-tornado-deaths-nationwide/10560407/
• Brinson, K., n.d.: Delaware's Climate: A First Look at the Climate of the First State, The CoCoRaHS “State Climates” Series. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://www.daculaweather.com/climate_reports/ClimateSum_DE.pdf
• Broccoli, A.J., M.B. Kaplan, P.C. Loikith, and D.A. Robinson, 2013: State of the Climate: New Jersey. Rutgers Climate Institute, New Brunswick, NJ, 10 pp. https://climatechange.rutgers.edu/docman-list/special-reports/133-state-of-the-climate-new-jersey-2013/file
• Brooks, H.E. and C.A. Doswell, 2001: Normalized damage from major tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999. Weather and Forecasting, 16 (1), 168–176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016%3C0168:NDFMTI%3E2.0.CO;2
• Brown, D.P., 2011: Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Lee, 2–5 September 2011. AL132011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 35 pp. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL132011_Lee.pdf
• Brown, P.J. and A.T. DeGaetano, 2013: Trends in U.S. surface humidity, 1930–2010. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52 (1), 147–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-035.1
• Bumbaco, K.A., K.D. Dello, and N.A. Bond, 2013: History of Pacific Northwest heat waves: Synoptic pattern and trends. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52 (7), 1618–1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-094.1
• Burt, C.C., 2014: Incredible east coast rainfall event of August 12–14. Weather Underground, August 15, 2014. The Weather Company, Brookhaven, GA. https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/incredible-east-coast-rainfall-event-of-august-1214.html
• Bush, D.M., R.M.T. Webb, J.G. Liboy, L. Hyman, and W.J. Neal, 1995: Living with the Puerto Rico Shore. Duke University Press Books, Durham, NC.
• Byers, E.A., J.P. Vanderhorst, and B.P. Streets, 2010: Classification and Conservation Assessment of Upland Red Spruce Communities in West Virginia. West Virginia Natural Heritage Program, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources Section, Elkins, WV, 144 pp. https://transfer.natureserve.org/download/USGS-NRMP/RecordSet5_2011-09-15/Proj165_RedSpruceUplands_West_Virginia.pdf

C

• CAL FIRE, 2021: Top 20 Largest California Wildfires. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento, CA. https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/4jandlhh/top20_acres.pdf
• California DWR, n.d.: Shasta Dam [monthly reservoir storage]. California Department of Water Resources, California Data Exchange Center, Sacramento, CA. https://cdec.water.ca.gov/dynamicapp/QueryMonthly?s=SHA&end=2021-01&span=808months
• Carter, J.M., J.E. Williamson, and R.W. Teller, 2002: The 1972 Black Hills–Rapid City Flood Revisited. USGS Fact Sheet FS-037-02. U.S. Geological Survey, Rapid City, SD. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs03702
• Carter, L.M., J.W. Jones, L. Berry, V. Burkett, J.F. Murley, J. Obeysekera, P.J. Schramm, and D. Wear, 2014: Southeast and the Caribbean. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 396–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Z31WJ2
• Caviston, C., 2015: Winter snowfall totals double annual. The New Hampshire, March 5, 2015. https://tnhdigital.com/2015/03/05/winter_snowfall_totals_double_annual_average/
• CDC, n.d.: Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, 20 pp. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/ClimateChangeandExtremeHeatEvents.pdf
• The Center for Climate Strategies, n.d.: West Virginia Actions. The Center for Climate Strategies, Washington, DC. https://web.archive.org/web/20160405042949/http://www.climatestrategies.us/policy_tracker/policy/index/49
• Changnon, S.A. and J. Burroughs, 2003: The tristate hailstorm: The most costly on record. Monthly Weather Review, 131 (8), 1734–1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175//2549.1
• Changnon, S.A. and D. Changnon, 2005: The Pre-Christmas 2004 Snowstorm Disaster in the Ohio River Valley. Contract Report 2005-03. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Illinois State Water Survey Center for Atmospheric Science, 26 pp. https://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/CR/ISWSCR2005-03.pdf
• Changnon, S.A., K.E. Kunkel, and K. Andsager, 2001: Causes for record high flood losses in the central United States. Water International, 26 (2), 223–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060108686908
• Chapin, F.S., III, S.F. Trainor, P. Cochran, H. Huntington, C. Markon, M. McCammon, A.D. McGuire, and M. Serreze, 2014: Alaska. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds., 514–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Z31WJ2
• Chen, Y.R. and P.-S. Chu, 2014: Trends in precipitation extremes and return levels in the Hawaiian Islands under a changing climate. International Journal of Climatology, 34 (15), 3913–3925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3950
• Childs, S.J. and R.S. Schumacher, 2019: An updated severe hail and tornado climatology for eastern Colorado. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 58 (10), 2273–2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0098.1
• Christy, J., n.d.: Alabama’s Climate—It’s the Humidity! The CoCoRaHS “State Climates” Series. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://media.cocorahs.org/docs/ClimateSum_AL.pdf
• Christy, J.R. and R.T. McNider, 2016: Time series construction of summer surface temperatures for Alabama, 1883–2014, and comparisons with tropospheric temperature and climate model simulations. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 55 (3), 811–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0287.1
• Chu, P.-S. and H. Chen, 2005: Interannual and interdecadal rainfall variations in the Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Climate, 18 (22), 4796–4813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3578.1
• Chu, P.-S., W. Yan, and F. Fujioka, 2002: Fire-climate relationships and long-lead seasonal wildfire prediction for Hawaii. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11 (1), 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF01040
• Chu, P.-S., Y.R. Chen, and T.A. Schroeder, 2010: Changes in precipitation extremes in the Hawaiian Islands in a warming climate. Journal of Climate, 23 (18), 4881–4900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3484.1
• City of Cambridge, 2015: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Part 1. City of Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 40 pp. https://www.cambridgema.gov/-/media/Files/CDD/Climate/vulnerabilityassessment/ccvareportpart1/cambridge_november2015_finalweb.pdf
• City of Keene, n.d.: Climate Change and Adaptation Action in Keene. City of Keene Climate Change Program, Keene, NH. https://web.archive.org/web/20160421205926/http://www.ci.keene.nh.us/sustainability/climate-change-action
• Climate Central, 2011: October Snowstorm Adds to 2011’s Billion-Dollar Weather Disasters. Climate Central, November 4, 2011. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ. https://www.climatecentral.org/blogs/was-october-snowstorm-another-billion-dollar-weather-disaster
• Climate Central, 2016: Facts and Findings: Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Threats for Connecticut. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 4 pp. https://slr.s3.amazonaws.com/factsheets/Connecticut.pdf
• Climate Central, 2016: Facts and Findings: Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Threats for Mississippi. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 3 pp. https://slr.s3.amazonaws.com/factsheets/Mississippi.pdf
• Climate Central, 2016: Facts and Findings: Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Threats for South Carolina. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 4 pp. https://slr.s3.amazonaws.com/factsheets/South_Carolina.pdf
• Climate Central, 2016: Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Risk: Summary for Charleston, SC. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 4 pp. http://ssrf.climatecentral.org.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/Buffer2/states/SC/downloads/pdf_reports/Town/SC_Charleston-report.pdf
• CoCoRaHS, n.d.: Massachusetts’ Climate: Climate of Massachusetts, The CoCoRaHS “State Climates” Series. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail, & Snow Network, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://media.cocorahs.org/docs/ClimateSum_MA.pdf
• Cogil, C. and K. Jungbluth, 2009: The Winter Storms and Inclement Weather of December 2009: A Central Iowa Perspective. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Central Region Headquarters, Johnston, IA, 17 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234544/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/dmx/Winter%20Storms%20and%20Inclement%20Weather%20of%20December%202009.pdf
• Coleman, J.S.M. and R.M. Schwartz, 2017: An updated blizzard climatology of the contiguous United States (1959–2014): An examination of spatiotemporal trends. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 56 (1), 173–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0350.1
• Colon, J., P.M. Fong, S. Gelderman, S. Greenwood, E.S. Lindsey, M.A.M. Rivera, I. Sanchez, P. Straughter, and J. Virgoe, 2007: The Garden State in the Greenhouse: Climate Change Mitigation and Coastal Adaptation Strategies for New Jersey. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 52 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7282/T30R9NM1
• Connecticut DEEP, 2011: Connecticut Climate Change Preparedness Plan: Adaptation Strategies for Agriculture, Infrastructure, Natural Resources and Public Health Climate Change Vulnerabilities. Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT, 111 pp. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/ConnecticutClimatePreparednessPlan2011pdf.pdf
• Connecticut DEEP, 2011: Connecticut Continues to Achieve Substantial Reductions in Climate Pollution. Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Hartford, CT, 2 pp. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/climatechange/2011ProgressReport-2014-10-27/2011ClimateChangeUpdate20141027pdf.pdf
• Connecticut Sea Grant, 2012: Climate Change and Resilient Communities. University of Connecticut, Groton, CT. https://web.archive.org/web/20121112194735/http://seagrant.uconn.edu/whatwedo/climate/
• Cook, E.R., U. Lall, C. Woodhouse, and D.M. Meko, 2008: North American Drought Atlas, Version 2a  [Summer PDSI reconstructions before 1895]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/6319
• Cooper, A., 2014: A relentless drought is forcing Las Vegas to take extreme measures. Newsweek, July 10, 2014. https://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/18/relentless-drought-forcing-las-vegas-take-extreme-measures-258092.html
• Corfidi, S.F., J.S. Evans, and R.H. Johns, n.d.: About Derechos. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK, last modified May 15, 2018. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/derechofacts.htm
• CSCC, n.d.: Climate Data. Connecticut State Climate Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. http://www.canr.uconn.edu/nrme/cscc/ClimateData.php
• CSU CCC, n.d.: Learn About Colorado’s Climate. Colorado State University, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://climate.colostate.edu/co_climate.html
• Curtis, J., G. Wendler, R. Stone, and E. Dutton, 1998: Precipitation decrease in the western Arctic, with special emphasis on Barrow and Barter Island, Alaska. International Journal of Climatology, 18 (15), 1687–1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199812)18:15<1687::AID-JOC341>3.0.CO;2-2

D

• Delaware DNREC, 2012: Preparing for Tomorrow’s High Tide: Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment for the State of Delaware. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Delaware Coastal Programs, Dover, DE, 210 pp. http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/coastal/Documents/SeaLevelRise/AssesmentForWeb.pdf
• Delaware DNREC, 2014: Delaware Climate Change Impact Assessment. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Division of Energy and Climate, Dover, DE, 215 pp. http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/energy/Documents/Climate%20Change%202013-2014/DCCIA%20interior_full_dated.pdf
• Delaware DNREC, n.d.: Delaware and Coastal Impacts. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE. https://web.archive.org/web/20160411192013/http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/ClimateChange/Pages/ClimateChangeDelawareCoastalImpacts.aspx
• Delaware DNREC, n.d.: Understanding Climate Change. Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Dover, DE. https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/climate-coastal-energy/climate-change/
• Demaria, E.M.C., J.K. Roundy, S. Wi, and R.N. Palmer, 2016: The effects of climate change on seasonal snowpack and the hydrology of the northeastern and upper Midwest United States. Journal of Climate, 29 (18), 6527–6541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0632.1
• Dhakal, N., S. Jain, A. Gray, M. Dandy, and E. Stancioff, 2015: Nonstationarity in seasonality of extreme precipitation: A nonparametric circular statistical approach and its application. Water Resources Research, 51 (6), 4499–4515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016399
• Diaz, H.F., T.W. Giambelluca, and J.K. Eischeid, 2011: Changes in the vertical profiles of mean temperature and humidity in the Hawaiian Islands. Global and Planetary Change, 77 (1–2), 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.007
• Di Liberto, T., 2015: Flood disaster in Texas and Oklahoma. Climate.gov News & Features, June 2, 2015. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/flood-disaster-texas-and-oklahoma
• Di Liberto, T., 2016: "Thousand-year" downpour led to deadly West Virginia floods. ClimateWatch Magazine, July 8, 2016. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/thousand-year-downpour-led-deadly-west-virginia-floods
• DOE OE/ISER, 2012: A Review of Power Outages and Restoration Following the June 2012 Derecho. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability/Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration, Washington, DC, 17 pp. https://www.oe.netl.doe.gov//docs/Derecho%202012_%20Review_080612.pdf
• DOT FHA, n.d.: Climate Variability and Change in Mobile, Alabama: 6. Sea Level Rise. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, last modified September 25, 2017. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/sustainability/resilience/ongoing_and_current_research/gulf_coast_study/phase2_task2/mobile_variability/variablerpt06.cfm
• DOT FHA, n.d.: U.S. DOT Gulf Coast Study, Phase 2. FHWA-HEP-14-053. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 4 pp. https://www.hrpdcva.gov/uploads/docs/7B_FHWA%20Summary%20-%20Gulf%20Coast%20Phase%202.pdf
• Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A., 2000: Impacts and consequences of the ice storm of 1998 for the North American northeast. Weather, 55 (1), 7–⁠15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.2000.tb04012.x
• Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A., 2001: Towards characterizing and planning for drought in Vermont — Part I: A climatological perspective. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37 (3), 505–⁠525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05489.x
• Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A., 2002: Climate variability and socioeconomic consequences of Vermont’s natural hazards: A historical perspective. Vermont History, 70 (Winter/Spring 2002), 19–⁠39. https://vermonthistory.org/journal/70/vt701_204.pdf
• Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A.L., 2009: Backward seasons, droughts and other bioclimatic indicators of variability. In: Historical Climate Variability and Impacts in North America. Dupigny-Giroux, L.-A. and C.J. Mock, Eds. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 231–⁠250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2828-0_14

E

• Edwards, R., n.d.: The Online Tornado FAQ. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK, last modified 19 March 2021. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/
• Eggleston, J. and J. Pope, 2013: Land Subsidence and Relative Sea-Level Rise in the Southern Chesapeake Bay Region. Circular 1392. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 32 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1392
• Elison Timm, O., M. Takahashi, T.W. Giambelluca, and H.F. Diaz, 2013: On the relation between large-scale circulation pattern and heavy rain events over the Hawaiian Islands: Recent trends and future changes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (10), 4129–4141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50314
• Enz, J.W., 2003: North Dakota Topographic, Climatic, and Agricultural Overview. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 3 pp. https://www.ndsu.edu/fileadmin/ndsco/documents/ndclimate.pdf
• EPA, 1998: Climate Change and West Virginia. EPA 236-F-98-007cc. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Washington, DC, 4 pp. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=40000PQU.PDF
• EPA, 2014: Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2014, Third Edition. EPA 430-R-14-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 112 pp. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-07/documents/climateindicators-full-2014.pdf
• EPA, 2016: What Climate Change Means for Kansas. EPA 43-F-16-018. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ks.pdf
• EPA, 2016: What Climate Change Means for North Dakota. EPA 430-F-16-036. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-nd.pdf
• EPA, 2016: What Climate Change Means for Puerto Rico. EPA 430-F-16-063. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-pr.pdf
• EPA, 2016: What Climate Change Means for Texas. EPA 430-F-16-045. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-tx.pdf
• EPA, 2016: What Climate Change Means for the U.S. Virgin Islands. EPA 430-F-16—65. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-11/documents/climate-change-usvi.pdf
• EPA, 2016: What Climate Change Means for Wisconsin. EPA 430-F-16-051. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-wi.pdf

F

• FCC, n.d.: Drought. Florida Climate Center, Office of the State Climatologist, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/topics/drought
• FEMA, n.d.: Declared Disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.fema.gov/disaster/declarations
• FEMA MOTF, 2015: Hurricane Sandy Impact Analysis Overview [web map]. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Modeling Task Force, Hyattsville, MD
• Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W.N. Meier, M. Savoie, and A.K. Windnagel, 2017, updated daily: Sea Ice Index, Version 3 [March and September data]. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Boulder, CO, accessed December 3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8
• Fiedler, J., F. Mays, and J. Siry, Eds., 2001: Feeling the Heat in Florida: Global Warming on the Local Level. Natural Resources Defense Council, Florida Climate Alliance, New York, NY, 27 pp. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/florida.pdf
• Fletcher, C.H., B.M. Romine, A.S. Genz, M.M. Barbee, M. Dyer, T.R. Anderson, S.C. Lim, S. Vitousek, C. Bochicchio, and B.M. Richmond, 2012: National Assessment of Shoreline Change: Historical Shoreline Change in the Hawaiian Islands. Open-File Report 2011–1051. U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, 55 pp. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1051
• Florida Health, 2014: Climate and Health. Florida Health, Tallahassee, FL, last modified July 18, 2014. http://www.floridahealth.gov/environmental-health/climate-and-health/index.html
• Frazier, A.G. and T.W. Giambelluca, 2017: Spatial trend analysis of Hawaiian rainfall from 1920 to 2012. International Journal of Climatology, 37 (5), 2522–2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4862
• Freedman, A., 2012: Hurricane Irene ranked most costly Category 1 storm. Climate Central News, May 10, 2012. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/hurricane-irene-ranked-most-costly-category-1-storm
• Freedman, A., A. Kenward, and M. Lemonick, 2011: Texas tops 10 states ravaged by extreme weather in 2011. Climate Central News, December 20, 2011. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/texas-tops-10-states-ravaged-by-extreme-weather-2011/
• Friends of Blackwater's Allegheny Highlands Climate Change Impacts Initiative, 2016: “On the Chopping Block”: The Impacts of Global Warming and Climate Change on the Mid-Atlantic Allegheny Highlands. Friends of Blackwater, Charleston, WV, 20 pp. https://saveblackwater-org.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/development/app/uploads/2018/04/On-The-Chopping-Block-Updated-Report-2016.pdf
• Fritz, A., 2014: Great Salt Lake approaches 167 year record low. The Washington Post, August 19, 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2014/08/19/great-salt-lake-approaches-167-year-record-low/
• Fritz, A., 2017: Get ready for higher fruit prices—the freeze devastated some crops in the South. Washington Post, March 21, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/03/21/get-ready-for-higher-fruit-prices-the-freeze-devastated-some-crops-in-the-south/#comments
• FWS, n.d.: Climate Change in the Pacific Region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bailey's Crossroads, VA, last modified November 2, 2011. https://www.fws.gov/pacific/climatechange/changepi.html

G

• Galford, G.L., A. Hoogenboom, S. Carlson, S. Ford, J. Nash, E. Palchak, S. Pears, K. Underwood, and D.V. Baker, 2014: Considering Vermont’s Future in a Changing Climate: The First Vermont Climate Assessment. Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 219 pp. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/rsfac/3/
• Garza, J.A., P.-S. Chu, C.W. Norton, and T.A. Schroeder, 2012: Changes of the prevailing trade winds over the islands of Hawaii and the North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117 (D11). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016888
• GCC, n.d.: Preparing for Climate Change in Massachusetts. Georgetown Climate Center, Washington, DC. http://www.georgetownclimate.org/adaptation/state-information/overview-of-massachusetts-climate-change-preparations/overview.html
• Georgakakos, A., P. Fleming, M. Dettinger, C. Peters-Lidard, T.C. Richmond, K. Reckhow, K. White, and D. Yates, 2014: Water resources. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 69–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Z31WJ2
• Georgetown Climate Center and Rutgers Climate Institute, n.d.: Understanding New Jersey’s Vulnerability to Climate Change. New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/75-nj-vulnerabilities/file
• Giambelluca, T.W., H.F. Diaz, and M.S.A. Luke, 2008: Secular temperature changes in Hawai‘i. Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034377
• Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, J.P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K. Eischeid, and D.M. Delparte, 2013: Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94 (3), 313–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00228.1
• Gillies, R.R., S.-Y. Wang, and M.R. Booth, 2012: Observational and synoptic analyses of the winter precipitation regime change over Utah. Journal of Climate, 25 (13), 4679–4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00084.1
• Gillis, S., B. Knapp, J. Wolf, J. Izo, K. McElligott, J. Reader, A. Peterson, D. VanSant, and N. Weller, 2011: Indicators of Climate Change in Idaho Report Summary: Understanding Climate Change and Its Impacts Through Indicators. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 15 pp.
• Gleason, K., 2008: 2008 Midwestern U.S. Floods. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 10 pp. https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/2008-Midwestern-US-Floods.pdf
• GMRI, 2019: Marine heatwave. Tidings, August 22, 2019. Gulf of Maine Research Institute, Portland, ME. https://gmri.org/stories/marine-heatwave/
• Goddard, P.B., J. Yin, S.M. Griffies, and S. Zhang, 2015: An extreme event of sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009–2010. Nature Communications, 6 (1), 6346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7346
• Goff, J.A., L. Lugrin, S.P. Gulick, K. Thirumalai, and Y. Okumura, 2016: Oyster reef die-offs in stratigraphic record of Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, possibly caused by drought-driven extreme salinity changes. The Holocene, 26 (4), 511–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683615612587
• Gotkowitz, M.B., J.W. Attig, and T. McDermott, 2014: Groundwater flood of a river terrace in southwest Wisconsin, USA. Hydrogeology Journal, 22 (6), 1421–1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1129-x
• Gould, W.A., E.L. Díaz, (co-leads), N.L. Álvarez-Berríos, F. Aponte-González, W. Archibald, J.H. Bowden, L. Carrubba, W. Crespo, S.J. Fain, G. González, A. Goulbourne, E. Harmsen, E. Holupchinski, A.H. Khalyani, J. Kossin, A.J. Leinberger, V.I. Marrero-Santiago, O. Martínez-Sánchez, K. McGinley, P. Méndez-Lázaro, J. Morell, M.M. Oyola, I.K. Parés-Ramos, R. Pulwarty, W.V. Sweet, A. Terando, and S. Torres-González, 2018: U.S. Caribbean. In: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D. Easterling, K. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 809–871. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH20
• Graumann, A., T. Houston, J. Lawrimore, D. Levinson, N. Lott, S. McCown, S. Stephens, and D. Wuertz, 2005: Hurricane Katrina: A Climatological Perspective: Preliminary Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/13833
• Gray, A.G. 2012: Climate-Related Adaptation in Coastal Maine: A Study of Governance and Decision Process. Master of Science (MS), Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Maine. (1811). https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/1811/
• Gray, A.G., J. Shaleen, E. Stanicoff, and N. Dhakal, 2014: Climate highlights: Extreme precipitation and population: Maine in the context of the Northeast. Maine Climate News, Fall 2014. University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, ME. https://extension.umaine.edu/maineclimatenews/archives/fall-2014/climate-highlights/
• Gremillion, S.L., D.J. Wallace, S.L. Wright, and M.C. Buijsman, 2020: Response and recovery of Horn and Petit Bois Islands, Mississippi, USA to tropical cyclone impacts: 2004–2016. Geomorphology, 360, 107152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107152
• Griffin, M. and D.F. Zierden, 2014: Climate Summary for Florida—January 2014. Florida Climate Center, Office of the State Climatologist, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 5 pp. https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/images/flmonthly2014_01.pdf
• Grigsby, K., 2018: 2010 Nashville flood: 10 things to know. The Tennessean, May 3, 2020. https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2018/04/30/nashville-flood-2010-cumberland-river-opry-mills-mall-garth-brooks/566974002/
• Groop, C.S., T. Wager, and A. Press, 2011: Excessive heat kills at least 1,700 cattle across the state. The Green Sheet Farm Forum, July 21, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20121013234404/http://www.aberdeennews.com/farmforum/news/aan-excessive-heat-kills-at-least-1700-cattle-across-the-state-20110721,0,5204476.story
• Gustin, A., n.d.: Flooding in Indiana: Not “If” but “When.” Indiana Geological and Water Survey, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. https://igws.indiana.edu/Hazards/Flooding

H

• Hastings, M., J. Goff, N. Hammond, S. Kutikoff, and J. Neiles, 2021: Remembering Tropical Storm Irene [story map]. National Weather Service Burlington, Burlington, VT. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a596e2f186394d3d9c285e71e5e2f460
• Hayhoe, K., D.J. Wuebbles, D.R. Easterling, D.W. Fahey, S. Doherty, J. Kossin, W. Sweet, R. Vose, and M. Wehner, 2018: Our changing climate. In: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 72–144. https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/2/
• Heffner, L., R. Williams, V. Lee, P. Rubinoff, and C. Lord, 2012: Climate Change and Rhode Island’s Coasts: Past, Present, and Future. University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center and the Rhode Island Sea Grant, Kingston, RI, 37 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3267.9361
• Hendricks, N., n.d.: Encyclopedia of Arkansas: Flood of 1927. Central Arkansas Library System, Little Rock, AR, last modified April 17, 2017. https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/flood-of-1927-2202/
• Hodgkins, G.A., I.C. James II, and T.G. Huntington, 2005: Historical Changes in Lake Ice-Out Dates as Indicators of Climate Change in New England, 1850–2000. Fact Sheet 2005-3002. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 2 pp. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3002/pdf/fs2005-3002.pdf
• Hoerling, M., A. Kumar, R. Dole, J.W. Nielsen-Gammon, J. Eischeid, J. Perlwitz, X.-W. Quan, T. Zhang, P. Pegion, and M. Chen, 2013: Anatomy of an extreme event. Journal of Climate, 26 (9), 2811–2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00270.1
• Hurricanes: Science and Society, n.d.: 1969—Hurricane Camille. University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narraganset, RI. http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1960s/camille/

I

• IHB, Tri-state Tornado. Indiana Historical Bureau, Indianapolis, IN. https://www.in.gov/history/state-historical-markers/find-a-marker/tri-state-tornado/
• III, 2021: Facts and Statistics: Wildfires [Wildfires by State, 2020; Top 10 States for Wildfires Ranked by Number of Fires and by Number of Acres Burned, 2020]. Insurance Information Institute, New York, NY. https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-wildfires#Top%2010%20States%20For%20Wildfires%20Ranked%20By%20Number%20Of%20Fires%20And%20By%20Number%20Of%20Acres%20Burned,%202020
• III, n.d.: New Hampshire Hurricane Insurance: Fact File. Insurance Information Institute, New York, NY. https://web.archive.org/web/20170623063605/http://www.iii.org/article/new-hampshire-hurricane-insurance-fact-file
• Impact Forecasting, 2011: United States April & May 2011 Severe Weather Outbreaks. Aon Benfield, Impact Forecasting, Chicago, IL, 52 pp. http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/ThoughtLeadership/Documents/20110622_ab_if_us_april_may_severe_weather_outbreaks_recap.pdf
• Impact Forecasting, 2013: Hurricane Sandy Event Recap Report. AON Benfield, Impact Forecasting, Chicago, IL, 50 pp. http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20130514_if_hurricane_sandy_event_recap.pdf
• Ingram, K.T., K. Dow, L. Carter, and J. Anderson, Eds., 2013: Climate of the Southeast United States: Variability, Change, Impacts, and Vulnerability. Island Press, Washington, DC   342 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-509-0

J

• Jackson, K.S. and S.A. Vivian, 1997: Flood of March 1997 in Southern Ohio. Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4149. Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services, Denver, CO, 25 pp. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4149/report.pdf
• Jacobs, J.J. and D.J. Brosz, 1993: Wyoming's Water Resources. B-969. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wrp/93-12/93-12.html
• Jacobson, E., J. O’Hanlon, S. Condliffe, C. Bennett, and M. Sloan, 2005: Demographics and Profiles of Delaware’s Elderly. Fact Sheet 2. Institute for Public Administration, University of Delaware, Dover, DE, 4 pp. http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/1294
• Jacobson, G.L., I.J. Fernandez, P.A. Mayewski, and C.V. Schmitt, Eds., 2009: Maine’s Climate Future: An Initial Assessment. University of Maine, Orono, ME, 74 pp. https://climatechange.umaine.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/439/2018/08/Maines_Climate_Future.pdf
• Jencso, K., B. Parker, M. Downey, T. Hadwen, A. Howell, J. Rattling Leaf, L. Edwards, A. Akyuz, D. Kluck, D. Peck, M. Rath, M. Syner, N. Umphlett, H. Wilmer, V. Barnes, D. Clabo, B. Fuchs, M. He, S. Johnson, J. Kimball, D. Longknife, D. Martin, N. Nikerson, J. Sage, and T. Fransen, 2019: Flash Drought: Lessons Learned from the 2017 Drought Across the U.S. Northern Plains and Canadian Prairies. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO, 76 pp. https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/NIDIS_LL_FlashDrought_2017_Final_6.6.2019.pdf
• Juracek, K.E., C.A. Perry, and J.E. Putnam, 2001: The 1951 Floods in Kansas Revisited. Fact Sheet 041-01. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs04101
• Jury, M.R., S. Chiao, and E.W. Harmsen, 2009: Mesoscale structure of trade wind convection over Puerto Rico: Composite observations and numerical simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 132 (2), 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9393-3
• Jury, M.R., R. Rios-Berrios, and E. García, 2012: Caribbean hurricanes: Changes of intensity and track prediction. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 107 (1), 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0461-5

K

• Karl, T., J.M. Melillo, and T.C. Peterson, Eds., 2009: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United State. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 196 pp. https://downloads.globalchange.gov/usimpacts/pdfs/climate-impacts-report.pdf
• Keener, V., D. Helweg, S. Asam, S. Balwani, M. Burkett, C. Fletcher, T. Giambelluca, Z. Grecni, M. Nobrega-Olivera, J. Polovina, and G. Tribble, 2018: Hawai‘i and U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands. In: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D. Easterling, K. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 1242–1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH27
• Keener, V.W., J.J. Marra, M.L. Finucane, D. Spooner, and M.H. Smith, Eds., 2013: Climate Change and Pacific Islands: Indicators and Impacts: Report for the 2012 Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment (PIRCA). Island Press, Washington, DC, 196 pp.
• Keener, V.W., K. Hamilton, S.K. Izuka, K.E. Kunkel, L.E. Stevens, and L. Sun, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 8. Climate of the Pacific Islands. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 52 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-8-Climate_of_the_Pacific_Islands.pdf
• Kennedy, C., 2012: Thriving on a sinking landscape. Climate.gov News & Features. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/thriving-sinking-landscape
• Kennedy, C., 2013: Underwater: Land loss in coastal Louisiana since 1932. Climate.gov News & Features, April 5, 2013, last modified July 13, 2021. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/underwater-land-loss-coastal-louisiana-1932
• Kennedy, C., 2014: Western drought brings Lake Mead to lowest level since it was built. ClimateWatch Magazine, September 4, 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/western-drought-brings-lake-mead-lowest-level-it-was-built
• Kim, H.-C., S. Son, P. Montagna, B. Spiering, and J. Nam, 2014: Linkage between freshwater inflow and primary productivity in Texas estuaries: Downscaling effects of climate variability. Journal of Coastal Research, 68 (sp1), 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/SI68-009.1
• Kluver, D. and D. Leathers, 2015: Regionalization of snowfall frequency and trends over the contiguous United States. International Journal of Climatology, 35 (14), 4348–4358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4292
• Knabb, R.D., J.R. Rhome, and D.P. Brown, 2005 (2011 update): Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina, 23–30 August 2005. AL122005. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 43 pp. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122005_Katrina.pdf
• Knowlton, K., 2015: Climate Change Threatens Health. National Resources Defense Council, New York, NY. https://www.nrdc.org/resources/climate-change-threatens-health
• Knox, P., 2017: More on the impacts of the March freeze on peaches and blueberries. Climate and Agriculture in the Southeast, June 1, 2017. University of Georgia Extension, Athens, GA. https://site.extension.uga.edu/climate/2017/06/more-on-the-impacts-of-the-march-freeze-on-peaches-and-blueberries/
• Knutson, T.R., J.L. McBride, J. Chan, K. Emanuel, G. Holland, C. Landsea, I. Held, J.P. Kossin, A.K. Srivastava, and M. Sugi, 2010: Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nature Geoscience, 3 (3), 157–163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo779
• Komar, P.D. and S.-M. Shih, 1993: Cliff erosion along the Oregon coast: A tectonic-sea level imprint plus local controls by beach processes. Journal of Coastal Research, 9 (3), 747–765. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4298127
• Konrad, C.P., 2003: Effects of Urban Development on Floods. Fact Sheet 076-03. U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs07603
• Kruk, M.C. and D.H. Levinson, 2008: Evaluating the impacts of climate change on rainfall extremes for Hawaii and coastal Alaska. In: 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA, 27–31 October 2008. https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_142172.htm
• Kunkel, K.E. and S.M. Champion, 2019: An assessment of rainfall from Hurricanes Harvey and Florence relative to other extremely wet storms in the United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (22), 13500–13506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085034
• Kunkel, K.E., D.R. Easterling, K. Redmond, and K. Hubbard, 2003: Temporal variations of extreme precipitation events in the United States: 1895–2000. Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (17). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018052
• Kunkel, K.E., L. Ensor, M. Palecki, D. Easterling, D. Robinson, K.G. Hubbard, and K. Redmond, 2009: A new look at lake-effect snowfall trends in the Laurentian Great Lakes using a temporally homogeneous data set. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 35 (1), 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.11.003
• Kunkel, K.E., M. Palecki, L. Ensor, K.G. Hubbard, D. Robinson, K. Redmond, and D. Easterling, 2009: Trends in twentieth-century U.S. snowfall using a quality-controlled dataset. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26 (1), 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1138.1
• Kunkel, K.E., L.E. Stevens, S.E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, K.T. Redmond, and J.G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 6. Climate of the Northwest U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-6. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 83 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-6-Climate_of_the_Northwest_U.S.pdf
• Kunkel, K.E., L.E. Stevens, S.E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D., Wuebbles, K.T. Redmond, and J.G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 5. Climate of the Southwest U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 87 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-5-Climate_of_the_Southwest_U.S.pdf
• Kunkel, K.E., L.E. Stevens, S.E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, J. Rennells, A. DeGaetano, and J.G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 1. Climate of the Northeast U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 87 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-1-Climate_of_the_Northeast_US.pdf
• Kunkel, K.E., L.E. Stevens, S.E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, S.D. Hilberg, M.S. Timlin, L. Stoecker, N.E. Westcott, and J.G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 3. Climate of the Midwest U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 103 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-3-Climate_of_the_Midwest_US.pdf
• Kunkel, K.E., P.D. Bromirski, H.E. Brooks, T. Cavazos, A.V. Douglas, D.R. Easterling, K.A. Emanuel, P.Y. Groisman, G.J. Holland, T.R. Knutson, J.P. Kossin, P.D. Komar, D.H. Levinson, and R.L. Smith, 2008: Observed Changes in Weather and Climate Extremes. In: Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate. Regions of Focus: North America, Hawaii, Caribbean, and U.S. Pacific Islands. Karl, T.R., G.A. Meehl, C.D. Miller, S.J. Hassol, A.M. Waple, and W.L. Murray, Eds. Climate Change Science Program, Washington, DC, 35–80. https://downloads.globalchange.gov/sap/sap3-3/sap3-3-final-all.pdf
• Kunkel, K.E., L.E. Stevens, S.E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, C.E.K. II, C.M. Fuhrman, B.D. Keim, M.C. Kruk, A. Billet, H. Needham, M. Schafer, and J.G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 2. Climate of the Southeast. U.S. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 95 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-2-Climate_of_the_Southeast_US.pdf
• Kunkel, K.E., L.E. Stevens, S.E. Stevens, L. Sun, E. Janssen, D. Wuebbles, M.C. Kruk, D.P. Thomas, M.D. Shulski, N.A. Umphlett, K.G. Hubbard, K. Robbins, L. Romolo, A. Akyuz, T.B. Pathak, T.R. Bergantino, and J.G. Dobson, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 4. Climate of the U.S. Great Plains. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 91 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-4-Climate_of_the_US_Great_Plains.pdf

L

• Larson, L.W., 1995: The Great USA Flood of 1993. U.S.–Italy Research Workshop on the Hydrometeorology, Impacts, and Management of Extreme Floods, Perugia, Italy, November 13–17, 1995. Colorado State University, 12 pp. https://www.engr.colostate.edu/ce/facultystaff/salas/us-italy/papers/11larson.pdf
• Law, K., 2011: West Virginia’s Climate: West Virginia’s “Wild and Wonderful” Climate, The CoCoRaHS “State Climates” Series. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://www.daculaweather.com/climate_reports/ClimateSum_WV.pdf
• Law, K.T. and H.M. Mogil, 2011: The weather and climate of West Virginia. Weatherwise, 64 (2), 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.2011.551598
• Leathers, D.J., D.R. Legates, and R. Scarborough, 2011: Delaware Coastal Storm Climatology and Damage Assessment 1871–2009: Final Report. University of Delaware, Department of Geography, Newark, DE, 20 pp.
• Leong, J.-A., J.J. Marra, M.L. Finucane, T. Giambelluca, M. Merrifield, S.E. Miller, J. Polovina, E. Shea, M. Burkett, J. Campbell, P. Lefale, F. Lipschultz, L. Loope, D. Spooner, and B. Wang, 2014: Hawaiʻi and U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 537–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0W66HPM
• Li, T., M. Kwon, M. Zhao, J.-S. Kug, J.-J. Luo, and W. Yu, 2010: Global warming shifts Pacific tropical cyclone location. Geophysical Research Letters, 37 (21). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045124
• Liu, K.-b. and M.L. Fearn, 1993: Lake-sediment record of late Holocene hurricane activities from coastal Alabama. Geology, 21 (9), 793–796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0793:lsrolh>2.3.co;2
• Lombard, P.J., J.R. Barclay, and D.E. McCarthy, 2020: 2020 Drought in New England. Open-File Report 2020-1148. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 12 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201148
• LOSC, n.d.: Louisiana Climate Plots. Louisiana Office of State Climatology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA. http://www.losc.lsu.edu/plots.html
• Lott, J.N. and M. Sittel, 1996: The February 1994 Ice Storm in the Southeastern U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/February-1994-Ice-Storm.pdf
• Lott, N., T. Ross, and M. Sittel, 1996: The Winter of '95–'96: A Season of Extremes. Technical Report 96-02. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 32 pp. https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/techrpts/tr9602/tr9602.pdf
• Lott, N., M.C. Sittel, and D. Ross, 1997: The Winter of '96-'97: West Coast Flooding. Technical Report 97-01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Research Customer Service Group, Asheville, NC, 22 pp. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/13812
• Lott, N., D. Ross, and A. Graumann, 1998: Eastern U.S. Flooding and Ice Storm January 1998. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 6 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/Eastern-US-Flooding-and-Ice-Storm-January1998.pdf
• Lu, B.-Y., P.-S. Chu, S.-H. Kim, and C. Karamperidou, 2020: Hawaiian regional climate variability during two types of El Niño. Journal of Climate, 33 (22), 9929–9943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0985.1
• Lumia, R., G.D. Firda, and T.L. Smith, 2014: Floods of 2011 in New York. Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5058. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 252 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145058
• Lynn, E., Ed. 2015: California Climate Science and Data for Water Resources Management. California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, CA, 28 pp. https://cawaterlibrary.net/document/california-climate-science-and-data-for-water-resources-management/

M

• Magill, B., 2014: The front lines of climate change: Charleston’s struggle. Climate Central News, January 9, 2014. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-front-lines-of-climate-change-charlestons-struggle-16934
• Maine DACF, 2021: Ice Out Dates for Maine Lakes. Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry, Bureau of Parks and Lands, Augusta, ME. https://www.maine.gov/dacf/parks/water_activities/boating/ice_out_dates.shtml
• The Maine Monitor, 2020: Drought conditions in Maine have led to over 900 wildfires this summer. Bangor Daily News, September 13, 2020. https://bangordailynews.com/2020/09/13/news/drought-conditions-in-maine-have-led-to-over-900-wildfires-this-summer/
• Malmstadt, J., K. Scheitlin, and J. Elsner, 2009: Florida hurricanes and damage costs. Southeastern Geographer, 49 (2), 108–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sgo.0.0045
• Manatee County, 2017: Wildfire Awareness. Manatee County, Bradenton, FL. https://web.archive.org/web/20200423200259/https://www.mymanatee.org/departments/public_safety/emergency_management/emergency_management_news/wildfire_awareness
• Maranghides, A., 2015: Presentation on WUI Fires—Data Collection and Case Studies (32 slides). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Engineering Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD. https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2017/05/09/05-3_NCST-2015-WUI-Data-and-Case-Studies-Presentation.pdf
• Markon, C., S. Gray, M. Berman, L. Eerkes-Medrano, T. Hennessy, H. Huntington, J. Littell, M. McCammon, R. Thoman, and S. Trainor, 2018: Alaska. In: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II. Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stewart, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH26
• Marshall, B., 2013: New research: Louisiana coast faces highest rate of sea-level rise worldwide. The Lens, February 21, 2013. https://thelensnola.org/2013/02/21/new-research-louisiana-coast-faces-highest-rate-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-planet/
• Martinaitis, S.M., S.B. Cocks, A.P. Osborne, M.J. Simpson, L. Tang, J. Zhang, and K.W. Howard, 2021: The historic rainfalls of Hurricanes Harvey and Florence: A perspective from the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor system. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 22 (3), 721–738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0199.1
• Maryland Commission on Climate Change Adaptation and Response Working Group, 2008: Comprehensive Strategy for Reducing Maryland’s Vulnerability to Climate Change, Phase I: Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Storms. Maryland Commission on Climate Change, Baltimore, MD, 44 pp. https://dnr.maryland.gov/ccs/Publication/Comprehensive_Strategy.pdf
• Maryland State Climatologist Office, n.d.: Hurricanes. University of Maryland, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, College Park, MD. https://web.archive.org/web/20160528163409/http://metosrv2.umd.edu/~climate/special%20data/hurricanes.htm
• Maryland.gov, n.d.: Climate Change Maryland: Science. Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD. https://web.archive.org/web/20160502220535/http://climatechange.maryland.gov/science/
• Masters, J., U.S. Storm Surge Records [Hurricanes Camille and Katrina]. Weather Underground, August 13, 2017. The Weather Company, Brookhaven, GA. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813063342/http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/surge_us_records.asp
• McCallum, B.E. and A.J. Gotvald, 2010: Historic Flooding in Northern Georgia, September 16–22, 2009. Fact Sheet 2010-3061. U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Raleigh, NC. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20103061
• MCD, n.d.: The Great Flood of 1913. Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, OH. https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd-2/the-history-of-mcd/the-great-flood-of-1913/
• MDH, 2014: Minnesota Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 2014. Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, 100 pp. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/climate/docs/mnclimvulnreport.pdf
• MDH, n.d.: Climate Change Overview. Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN. https://web.archive.org/web/20160504230727/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/climatechange/climate101.html
• Meehl, G.A., W.M. Washington, T.M.L. Wigley, J.M. Arblaster, and A. Dai, 2003: Solar and greenhouse gas forcing and climate response in the twentieth century. Journal of Climate, 16 (3), 426–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0426:SAGGFA>2.0.CO;2
• Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 841 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0Z31WJ2
• Méndez-Lázaro, P., O. Martínez-Sánchez, R. Méndez-Tejeda, E. Rodríguez, E. Morales, and N. Schmitt-Cortizo, 2015: Extreme heat events in San Juan Puerto Rico: Trends and variability of unusual hot weather and its possible effects on ecology and society. Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting, 3 (2). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2332-2594.1000135
• Menne, M.J., I. Durre, R.S. Vose, B.E. Gleason, and T.G. Houston, 2012: An Overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-Daily Database. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29 (7), 897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00103.1
• Miller, I.M., H. Morgan, G. Mauger, T. Newton, R. Weldon, D. Schmidt, M. Welch, and E. Grossman, 2018: Projected Sea Level Rise for Washington State—A 2018 Assessment. A collaboration of Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, University of Oregon, University of Washington, and U.S. Geological Survey. Prepared for the Washington Coastal Resilience Project. Updated July 2019. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. https://cig.uw.edu/resources/special-reports/sea-level-rise-in-washington-state-a-2018-assessment/
• Miller, K.G., R.E. Kopp, B.P. Horton, J.V. Browning, and A.C. Kemp, 2013: A geological perspective on sea-level rise and its impacts along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Earth's Future, 1 (1), 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000135
• Minnesota DNR, n.d.: Climate Frequently Asked Questions. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN. https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/faqs.html
• Minnesota DNR, n.d.: Climate’s Impact on Water Availability. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN. http://dnr.state.mn.us/climate/water_availability.html
• Minnesota EQB, 2014: Minnesota and Climate Change: Our Tomorrow Starts Today. Minnesota Environmental Quality Board, St. Paul, MN, 15 pp. https://www.eqb.state.mn.us/minnesota-and-climate-change-our-tomorrow-starts-today
• Mitchell, K., 2012: Colorado wildfire: High Park fire now 100 percent contained. The Denver Post, June 30, 2012. https://www.denverpost.com/2012/06/30/colorado-wildfire-high-park-fire-now-100-percent-contained/
• Mizzell, H., M. Malsick, and M. Griffin, 2020: April 13, 2020: South Carolina Tornado Outbreak. Open File Report. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, State Climatology Office, Columbia, SC, 19 pp. https://www.dnr.sc.gov/climate/sco/Publications/April13Tornadoes_Final.pdf
• MNHS, 2015: Natural Disasters in Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417201258/http://www.mnhs.org/shpo/disaster/disaster2.php
• Mogil, H.M. and K.L. Seaman, 2009: The climate and weather of Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. Weatherwise, 62 (4), 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/WEWI.62.4.16-23
• Morlock, S.E., C.D. Menke, D.V. Arvin, and M.H. Kim, 2008: Flood of June 7–9, 2008, in Central and Southern Indiana. Open-File Report 2008-1322. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 15 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081322
• Morton, R.A., 2003 An Overview of Coastal Land Loss: With Emphasis on the Southeastern United States. Open File Report 03-337. U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal and Watershed Studies, St. Petersburg, FL, 29 pp. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-337/
• Morton, R.A., K.K. Guy, H.W. Hill, and T. Pascoe, 2003: Regional morphological responses to the March 1962 Ash Wednesday Storm. 11p. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349117794_REGIONAL_MORPHOLOGICAL_RESPONSES_TO_THE_MARCH_1962_ASH_WEDNESDAY_STORM
• MRCC, 2013: The Great Flood of 1913: 100 Years Later. Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Urbana-Champaign, IL. https://mrcc.illinois.edu/1913Flood/storms_wx/rivers.shtml
• MRCC, n.d.: cli-MATE: MRCC Application Tools Environment. Midwestern Regional Climate Center, West Lafayette, IN. https://mrcc.purdue.edu/
• MRCC, n.d.: cli-MATE: MRCC Application Tools Environment. Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Urbana-Champaign, IL. https://mrcc.illinois.edu/CLIMATE/
• MRCC, n.d.: Living with Weather: Ice Storms. Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Urbana-Champaign, IL. http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/living_wx/icestorms/
• MT DNRC, General Information: The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Helena, MT, 10 pp. http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/water/operations/docs/floodplain/training/modules/1-2_general_information-nfip.pdf
• Murakami, H., B. Wang, T. Li, and A. Kitoh, 2013: Projected increase in tropical cyclones near Hawaii. Nature Climate Change, 3 (8), 749–754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1890

N

• NAS, 2012: California sea level projected to rise at higher rate than global average; slower rate for Oregon, Washington, but major earthquake could cause sudden rise. News from the National Academies. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. https://web.archive.org/web/20120627090639/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389
• NASA Earth Observatory, 2011: Flooding in Arkansas. NASA Earth Observatory, Greenbelt, MD. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/50561/flooding-in-arkansas
• National Research Council, 1990: Sea-Level Change. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/1345
• National Research Council, 2012: Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 216 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/13389
• NCSL and CIER, 2008: Nevada: Assessing the Costs of Climate Change. National Conference of State Legislatures and University of Maryland Center for Integrative Environmental Research. NCSL, Washington, DC, 4 pp. http://cier.umd.edu/climateadaptation/Climate%20change--NEVADA.pdf
• NCSU and NOAA NWS, 1999: Event Summary: Hurricane Floyd, September 1999. North Carolina State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC. https://projects.ncsu.edu/atmos_collaboration/nwsfo/storage/cases/19990915/
• NCSU and NOAA NWS, 2004: Event Summary: Hurricane Frances, September 2004. North Carolina State University and National Oceanic and Atmosperic Administration, National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC. http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20040908/
• NCSU and NOAA NWS, 2004: Event Summary: Hurricane Ivan, September 2004. North Carolina State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC, last modified January 16, 2014. http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20040917/
• NCSU and NOAA NWS, 2011: Event Summary: April 16, 2011, North Carolina Tornado Outbreak. North Carolina State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service Raleigh, NC, last modified February 3, 2012. http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20110416/
• NCSU and NOAA NWS, 2014: February 12–13, 2014, Winter Storm. North Carolina State University and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Raleigh, NC, last modified February 16, 2014. https://projects.ncsu.edu/atmos_collaboration/nwsfo/storage/cases/20140213/accum.20140213.gif
• ND DWR, n.d.: Devils Lake Flood Mitigation. North Dakota Department of Water Resources, Bismarck, ND. https://www.swc.nd.gov/project_development/dl_flood_mitigation.html
• NDMC, n.d.: Drought in the Dust Bowl Years. National Drought Mitigation Center, Lincoln, NE. https://web.archive.org/web/20160414225834/http://drought.unl.edu/droughtbasics/dustbowl/droughtinthedustbowlyears.aspx
• NDMC, n.d.: U.S. Drought Monitor. National Drought Mitigation Center, Lincoln, NE. https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/
• NDMC, n.d.: U.S. Drought Monitor, Data Tables. National Drought Mitigation Center, Lincoln, NE. https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/DmData/DataTables.aspx
• NDMC, n.d.: U.S. Drought Monitor: Map Archive. National Drought Mitigation Center, Lincoln, NE. https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Maps/MapArchive.aspx
• Needham, H.F. and B.D. Keim, 2012: A storm surge database for the US Gulf Coast. International Journal of Climatology, 32 (14), 2108–2123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2425
• Needham, H.F., B.D. Keim, D. Sathiaraj, and M. Shafer, 2012: Storm surge return periods for the United States Gulf Coast. In: World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021. Albuquerque, NM, May 20–24, 2012. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2422–2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412312.245
• Nevada DCNR, Nevada Drought Forum. Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Carson City, NV. http://drought.nv.gov/
• Nevada DCNR, n.d.: Climate Change Program. Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Nevada Natural Heritage Program, Carson City, NV. https://web.archive.org/web/20161130055716/http://heritage.nv.gov/climate
• New Jersey Office of the Governor, 2012: Christie Administration Releases Total Hurricane Sandy Damage Assessment of $36.9 Billion. New Jersey Office of the Governor, Trenton, NJ. November 28, 2012. https://dspace.njstatelib.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10929/47680/GovernorNewsroom20121128e.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• NH Climate Change Policy Task force and NH Department of Environmental Services, 2009: The New Hampshire Climate Action Plan: A Plan for New Hampshire's Energy, Environmental and Economic Development Future. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, 82 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125073126/http://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/air/tsb/tps/climate/action_plan/documents/nhcap_final.pdf
• NHSCO, n.d.: 2013 Annual Climate Summary. New Hampshire State Climate Office, Durham, NH. https://web.archive.org/web/20160418143656/http://www.unh.edu/stateclimatologist/
• Nielsen-Gammon, J.W., 2011: The 2011 Texas Drought: A Briefing Packet for the Texas Legislature. Texas A&M University, College of Geosciences, Office of the State Climatologist, College Station, TX, 43 pp. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/158245
• Nielsen-Gammon, J.W., 2011: The changing climate of Texas. In: The Impact of Global Warming on Texas. Schmandt, J., G.R. North, and J. Clarkson, Eds. University of Texas Press, 39–68.
• NIFC, n.d.: Fire Information: Statistics. National Interagency Fire Center, Boise, ID. https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/statistics
• NJ State Climatologist, n.d.: New Jersey Climate Overview: The Climate of New Jersey. New Jersey State Climatologist, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. http://climate.rutgers.edu/stateclim_v1/njclimoverview.html
• NJCAA, 2014: A Summary of Climate Change Impacts and Preparedness Opportunities for the Coastal Communities in New Jersey. New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 12 pp. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/108-njcaa-coastal-communities/file
• NJCAA, 2014: A Summary of Climate Change Impacts and Preparedness Opportunities for the Public Health Sector in New Jersey. New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 18 pp. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/working-briefs/109-public-health-2014-march/file
• NJCAA, 2014: A Summary of Climate Change Impacts and Preparedness Opportunities for the Transportation Sector in New Jersey. New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 13 pp. https://njadapt.rutgers.edu/docman-lister/resource-pdfs/100-njcaa-transportation/file
• NJCAA, 2016: Climate Impacts in New Jersey. New Jersey Climate Adaptation Alliance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. https://web.archive.org/web/20160417043547/http://njadapt.rutgers.edu/climate-impacts-in-new-jersey
• NOAA, 2011: 2011 Tornado Information, Preliminary Tornado Statistics Including Records Set in 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, last modified March 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422131822/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/2011_tornado_information.html
• NOAA, 2011: Drought Grips Hawaii in 2010. Climate.gov News & Features, January 5, 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/videos/drought-grips-hawaii-2010
• NOAA, 2015: Below-normal Atlantic hurricane season ends; active eastern and central Pacific seasons shatter records. NOAA News & Features, December 1, 2015. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/below-normal-atlantic-hurricane-season-ends-active-eastern-and-central-pacific-seasons
• NOAA, 2015: Stratosphere an Accomplice for Santa Ana Winds and California Wildfires. NOAA Research News, July 8, 2015. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/699/Stratosphere-an-Accomplice-for-Santa-Ana-Winds-and-California-Wildfires
• NOAA and USDA, 2007: The Easter Freeze of April 2007: A Climatological Perspective and Assessment of Impacts and Services. Technical Report 2008-01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Silver Spring, MD, 56 pp. https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/techrpts/tr200801/tech-report-200801.pdf
• NOAA CBO, n.d.: Climate Change and the Chesapeake Bay. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chesapeake Bay Office, Annapolis, MD, 2 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20161208134046/http://chesapeakebay.noaa.gov/images/stories/pdf/climatechangefeb11.pdf
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Mean Sea Level Trends for Global Network Stations. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_global.shtml
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Relative Sea Level Trend, 8423898 Fort Point, New Hampshire. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?id=8423898
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Relative Sea Level Trend, 8443970 Boston, Massachusetts [Regional Scenarios]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?id=8443970
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Relative Sea Level Trend, 8534720 Atlantic City, New Jersey. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=8534720
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Relative Sea Level Trend, 8638610 Sewells Point, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?id=8638610
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Relative Sea Level Trend, 8735180 Dauphin Island, Alabama. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?id=8735180
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: Relative Sea Level Trends—Station Selection, Connecticut (London and Bridgeport). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_states.html?gid=1230
• NOAA CO-OPS, n.d.: U.S. Sea Level Trends Map. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/
• NOAA Fisheries, n.d.: Chesapeake Bay: Climate Change. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/chesapeake-bay#climate-change
• NOAA GLERL, n.d.: Great Lakes Dashboard. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/dashboard/data/
• NOAA GLERL, n.d.: Great Lakes Ice Cover. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, last modified June 9, 2021. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/ice/
• NOAA GLERL, n.d.: Historical Ice Cover. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/ice/#historical
• NOAA HRD, 2014: Continental United States Hurricane Impacts/Landfalls 1851–2019. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, last modified June 2020. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/All_U.S._Hurricanes.html
• NOAA NCDC, 2005: Hurricane Rita. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/extremeevents/specialreports/Hurricane-Rita2005.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, 2014: State of the Climate: National Snow and Ice for January 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/snow/201401
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Arizona. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_AZ_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Arkansas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 3 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_AR_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of California. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 9 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_CA_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Colorado. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_CO_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Florida. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 13 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_FL_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Georgia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 6 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_GA_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Illinois. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 5 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_IL_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Indiana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 5 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_IN_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Iowa. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_IA_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Kansas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 3 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_KS_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Kentucky. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_KY_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Louisiana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_LA_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Maine. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 11 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_ME_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Maryland. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 8 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_MD_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Minnesota. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 5 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_MN_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Mississippi. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 8 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_MS_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Missouri. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 6 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_MO_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Montana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_MT_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Nebraska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 3 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_NE_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Nevada. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_NV_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of New Mexico. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_NM_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of North Carolina. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 8 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_NC_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of North Dakota. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 5 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_ND_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Ohio. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 10 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_OH_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_OK_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Oregon. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_OR_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Rhode Island. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_RI_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of South Carolina. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 6 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_SC_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of South Dakota. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_SD_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Tennessee. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_TN_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Utah. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_UT_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Vermont. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 8 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_VT_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 5 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_VA_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Washington. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 13 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_WA_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of West Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_WV_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Wisconsin. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 4 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_WI_01.pdf
• NOAA NCDC, n.d.: Climate of Wyoming. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 7 pp. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/climate-normals-deprecated/access/clim60/states/Clim_WY_01.pdf
• NOAA NCEI, 2004: State of the Climate: Tropical Cyclones for September 2004. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tropical-cyclones/200409
• NOAA NCEI, 2008: State of the Climate: Drought for Annual 2007. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/200713
• NOAA NCEI, 2011: State of the Climate: Drought for August 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201108
• NOAA NCEI, 2011: State of the Climate: Global Hazards for February 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/201102
• NOAA NCEI, 2011: State of the Climate: Global Hazards for May 2011: Flooding. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/201105
• NOAA NCEI, 2011: State of the Climate: National Climate Report for May 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201105/supplemental/page-3
• NOAA NCEI, 2011: State of the Climate: National Climate Report for September 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201109
• NOAA NCEI, 2012: State of the Climate: Drought for May 2012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201205
• NOAA NCEI, 2012: State of the Climate: Tornadoes for Annual 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tornadoes/201113
• NOAA NCEI, 2012: State of the Climate: Wildfires for September 2012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/fire/201209
• NOAA NCEI, 2013: State of the Climate: National Report for October 2013. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201310
• NOAA NCEI, 2013: State of the Climate: Wildfires for Annual 2012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/fire/201213
• NOAA NCEI, 2014: State of the Climate: National Climate Report for February 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201402
• NOAA NCEI, 2014: State of the Climate: National Climate Report for July 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/201407
• NOAA NCEI, 2014: State of the Climate: Tornadoes for June 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, accessed July 2014. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tornadoes/201406
• NOAA NCEI, 2015: State of the Climate: Tornadoes for Annual 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tornadoes/201413
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disaster Events [Virginia 1980–2020]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/VA/1980-2020
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events [Florida 2000–2020]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/FL/2000-2020
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events [Massachusetts 1980–2021]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/MA/1980-2021
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events [Oregon 1980–2021]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/OR/1980-2021
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events [United States 1980–2021]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2021
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Summary Stats, California. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, accessed May 19, 2021. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/summary-stats
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Climate at a Glance: Statewide Time Series. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/statewide/time-series/1/tavg/1/11/1895-2021?base_prd=true&begbaseyear=1901&endbaseyear=2000
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Deadliest Tornadoes. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/extreme-events/us-tornado-climatology/deadliest
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Drought Variability [Data Access: Palmer Drought Index Studies: North American Drought Atlas (NADA) (Version 2a)]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/drought-variability
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Global Hourly—Integrated Surface Database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/integrated-surface-database
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Historical Palmer Drought Indices: Maps [January 1996–May 2015]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/drought/historical-palmers/psi/199601-201505
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Regional Snowfall Index (RSI). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/snow-and-ice/rsi/historic-storms
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: Storm Events Database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: This Month in Climate History: May 27, 1896, St. Louis Tornado. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/news/month-climate-history-may-27-1896-st-louis-tornado
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: U.S. Climate Normals [30-Year Normals 1991–2020]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/us-climate-normals
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access [Woolsey 2.5 SWW, GA, precipitation]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, accessed July 19, 2021. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/us-climate-normals/#dataset=normals-annualseasonal&timeframe=30&location=GA&station=US1GAFY0001
• NOAA NCEI, n.d.: U.S. Tornadoes. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/extreme-events/us-tornado-climatology
• NOAA NHC, n.d.: Historical Hurricane Tracks. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL. https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/#map=4/32/-80
• NOAA NHC, n.d.: NHC Data Archive. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/
• NOAA NHC and CPHC, n.d.: 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, and Honolulu, HI. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2016&basin=atl
• NOAA NHC and CPHC, n.d.: 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, and Honolulu, Hi. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2017&basin=atl
• NOAA NHC and CPHC, n.d.: Tropical Cyclone Climatology. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, and Honolulu, HI. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/
• NOAA NIDIS, 2015: Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook for the Midwest Region—September 2015. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO, 2 pp. https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/RC%20MW_Third%20quarter2015_Final.pdf
• NOAA NIDIS, 2017: Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook for the Great Lakes Region—June 2017. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO, 2 pp. http://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/services/reports/reports/GL2017-06.pdf
• NOAA NIDIS, 2017: Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook for the Great Lakes Region—September 2017. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO, 2 pp. https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/Great%20Lakes%20Summer%202017.pdf
• NOAA NIDIS, 2019: Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook for the Great Lakes Region—June 2019. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO, 2 pp. https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/Great%20Lakes%20Spring%202019%20v2.pdf
• NOAA NIDIS, 2019: Quarterly Climate Impacts and Outlook for the Great Lakes Region—September 2019. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO, 2 pp. https://www.drought.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/Great%20Lakes%20Summer%202019%20v2.pdf
• NOAA NIDIS, n.d.: Historical Data and Conditions, Explore Historical Drought Conditions in Florida. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Integrated Drought Information System, Boulder, CO. https://www.drought.gov/historical-information?state=florida&dataset=1&selectedDateUSDM=20101012&selectedDateSpi=19620201
• NOAA NOS, n.d.: National Ocean Service Education: Dissolved Oxygen. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, last modified March 25, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183620/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar10d_disolvedox.html
• NOAA NOS, n.d.: National Ocean Service Education: Salinity. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, last modified March 25, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20160419085030/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar10c_salinity.html
• NOAA NOS, n.d.: What Is High Tide Flooding? National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/high-tide-flooding.html
• NOAA NSSL, n.d.: Severe Weather 101—Hail Basics. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK. https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/hail/
• NOAA NWS, 1995: Natural Disaster Survey Report: July 1995 Heat Wave. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 74 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/heat95.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 1996: Service Assessment: Blizzard of ’96: January 6–8, 1996. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 53 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/bz-mrg.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2006: Service Assessment: Hurricane Katrina August 23–31, 2005. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 50 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Katrina.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2009: Local Office Service Assessment: Central Iowa Floods of 2008, Late May through Mid-June, 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Weather and Forecast Office, Des Moines, IA, 49 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/dmx/SigEvents/2008_Central_Iowa_Floods.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2009: Service Assessment: Super Tuesday Tornado Outbreak of February 5–6, 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 48 pp. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/6991
• NOAA NWS, 2010: [Spring 2010 Newsletter]. Valley Weather Wind. Valley, NE. https://web.archive.org/web/20170131060349/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/oax/news/newsletter_May10.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2011: Service Assessment: The Historic Tornadoes of April 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 76 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/historic_tornadoes.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2012: March Heat, April Freezes. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Central Region Headquarters, Kansas City, MO, 7 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20170125015419/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/apx/SpringHeatFreeze.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2012: Regional Service Assessment: Remnants of Tropical Storm Lee and the Susquehanna River Basin Flooding of September 6–10, 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Eastern Region Headquarters, Bohemia, NY, 64 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/LeeSusquehanna12.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2012: Service Assessment: Hurricane Irene, August 21–30, 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 129 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Irene2012.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2012: Service Assessment: The Missouri/Souris River Floods of May–August 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Kansas City, MO, and Salt Lake City, UT, 104 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Missouri_floods11.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2012: SPC Storm Reports for 06/29/12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK, last modified July 9, 2012. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/archive/event.php?date=20120629
• NOAA NWS, 2013: The March, 2010 Floods in Southern New England. WFO Taunton Storm Series Report #2013-01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Taunton, MA 22 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/box/science/March_2010_Floods.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2013: Service Assessment: The Historic Derecho of June 29, 2012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 61 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/derecho12.pdf
• NOAA NWS, 2014: Lake Effect Summary: November 17–19, 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Buffalo Weather Forecast Office, Cheektowaga, NY. https://www.weather.gov/buf/lake1415_stormb.html
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: The 10 Costliest U.S. Tornadoes since 1950 in Event-Year and 2015 Dollars. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/damage$.htm
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: 10-Year Anniversary of the Significant Christmas 2009 Blizzard! (original story). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Hastings Weather Forecast Office, Hastings, NE. https://www.weather.gov/gid/blizzard_recap
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: 1925 Tornado. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Paducah Weather Forecast Office, Paducah, KY. https://www.weather.gov/pah/1925Tornado_tt
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Annual U.S. Killer Tornado Statistics, 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/fatalmap.php?yr=2008
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: April 10, 2011 Tornado Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Green Bay Weather Forecast Office, Green Bay, WI. https://www.weather.gov/grb/041011_tornadoes
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: April 11th 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Northern Indiana Weather Forecast Office, Syracuse, IN. https://www.weather.gov/iwx/1965_palmsunday_50
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Catastrophic Atlanta Flood of 2009. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Peachtree City Weather Forecast Office, Peachtree City, GA. https://www.weather.gov/ffc/atlanta_floods_anniv
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Central Indiana July 2015 Climate Summary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Indianapolis Forecast Office, Indianapolis, IN. https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073018/http://www.weather.gov/media/ind/climate/July2015.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: A Decade of Devastating Storms 2004–2013. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Cleveland Weather Forecast Office, Brooklyn Heights, OH. https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_2004-2013
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: EF4 Tornadoes in Georgia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Peachtree City Weather Forecast Office, Peachtree City, GA. https://www.weather.gov/ffc/ef4tornado_history
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Epic Floods of 2009. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Peachtree City Weather Forecast Office, Peachtree City, GA. https://www.weather.gov/ffc/0909epicflood
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Extended Period of Heavy Rain and Flooding in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands May 12–June 16, 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 11 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/sju/hydrology/flood_May12_Jun16.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States, 1950–Present. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f5torns.html
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flash Floods in Hawaii: Event Statistics. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Honolulu Forecast Office, Honolulu, HI, 2 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/hfo/weather_hazards_stats.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flood Damages Suffered in the United States During Water Year 2009. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 8 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/water/WY09%20Flood%20Loss%20Summary.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Arkansas. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-ar
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Illinois. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-il
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Indiana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-in
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Montana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-mt
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Nevada. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-nv
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Pennsylvania. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-pa
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in South Dakota. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-sd
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Utah. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-ut
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in West Virginia, November 1985 Flood. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-wv
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Flooding in Wisconsin. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/safety/flood-states-wi
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: The Great Hurricane of 1938. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Boston/Norton Weather Forecast Office, Norton, MA. https://www.weather.gov/box/1938hurricane
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administation, National Weather Service, Norman Weather Forecast Office, Norman, OK. https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-19990503
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Heard, Coweta, and Fayette County Tornado (Newnan EF-4). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Peachtree City Weather Forecast Office, Peachtree City, GA. https://www.weather.gov/ffc/March25_26_2021_severe_EF4Tor
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: The Historic and Devastating Floods of June 23rd 2016. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Blacksburg Weather Forecast Office, Blacksburg, VA. https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2016_06_23_Flood
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Historic Long Island Flash Flooding—August 12–13, 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, New York Weather Forecast Office, Upton, NY. https://www.weather.gov/okx/HistoricFlooding_081314
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Hurricane Floyd. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Newport/Morehead City Weather Forecast Office, Newport, NC. https://www.weather.gov/mhx/Sep161999EventReview
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Hurricane Michael Hits Georgia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Peachtree City Weather Forecast Office, Peachtree City, GA. https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2018_hurricane_michael
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Introduction to Thunderstorms: Annual Mean Thunderstorm Days (1993–2018). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/tstorms_intro
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: January 1949 Blizzard. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Rapid City Weather Forecast Office, Rapid City, SD. https://www.weather.gov/unr/1949-01
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: June 2, 1990 Tornado Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Indianapolis Weather Forecast Office, Indianapolis, IN. https://www.weather.gov/ind/june2_1990tor
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: June 8th 1966 Topeka Tornado. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Topeka Weather Forecast Office, Topeka, KS. https://www.weather.gov/top/1966TopekaTornado
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: June 29, 2012 Derecho, “The Ohio Valley/Mid-Atlantic Derecho of June 2012.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/casepages/jun292012page.htm
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: May 27th, 2018 Flooding—Ellicott City & Catonsville, MD. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Sterling, VA. https://www.weather.gov/lwx/EllicottCityFlood2018
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: May 30–31, 1998 Derecho, “The Southern Great Lakes Derecho of 1998.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/AbtDerechos/casepages/may30-311998page.htm
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: May 31, 1985 Tornado Outbreak: 35th Anniversary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, State College Weather Forecast Office, State College, PA. https://www.weather.gov/ctp/TornadoOutbreak_May311985
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Mean Annual Rainfall 1981–2010 (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/images/sju/hydrology/2010_ncdc_precip_normals_PR_USVI.jpg
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: NWS ABQ—2013 September Flooding. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Albuquerque Weather Forecast Office, Albuquerque, NM https://www.weather.gov/abq/2013septemberflooding
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: NWS Jackson, MS, August 2005 Hurricane Katrina Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Jackson Weather Forecast Office, Flowood, MS. https://www.weather.gov/jan/2005_08_29_hurricane_katrina_outbreak
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: NWS Little Rock, AR—Severe Weather on February 5, 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Little Rock Weather Forecast Office, Little Rock, AR. https://www.weather.gov/lzk/svr0208yr.htm
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: NWS Little Rock, AR—Tornadoes/Flooding on April 27–28, 2014. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Little Rock Weather Forecast Office, Little Rock, AR. https://www.weather.gov/lzk/svr0414c.htm
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: NWS Storm Damage Summaries: Dec. 10–11, 2021 Tornado Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Central Region Headquarters, Kansas City, MO. https://www.weather.gov/crh/dec112021
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: OHD/HL—Surveys/Alberto: Executive Summary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Office of Water Prediction, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.weather.gov/owp/oh_hrl_surveys_alberto_execsum
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Service Assessment: EF5 Tornado in Parkersburg and New Hartford, Iowa, May 25, 2008. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Weather and Forecast Office, Des Moines, IA, 50 pp. http://www.weather.gov/media/dvn/ParkersburgSvcAssmntfinal.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Severe Weather Climatology. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, State College Weather Forecast Office, State College, PA. https://www.weather.gov/ctp/SevereWeatherClimatology
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Southeast SC/GA Tornadoes—April 13, 2020. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Charleston Weather Forecast Office, Charleston, SC. https://www.weather.gov/chs/Tornadoes-April2020
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Storm Prediction Center WCM Page. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: The Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Wilmington Weather Forecast Office, Wilmington, OH. https://www.weather.gov/iln/19740403
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Susquehanna River at Wilkes Barre. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Binghamton Weather Forecast Office, Johnson City, NY. https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=bgm&gage=wbrp1
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Swatara Creek Near Hershey. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, State College Weather Forecast Office, State College, PA. https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=ctp&gage=HERP1
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Top Ten KS Tornadoes. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Wichita Weather Forecast Office, Wichita, KS. https://www.weather.gov/ict/toptenkstors
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Tornado Data, Information and Links: Significant Tornadoes and Tornado Outbreaks in the NWS Norman County Warning Area. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Norman Weather Forecast Office, Norman, OK. https://www.weather.gov/oun/tornadodata
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: The Tornado Outbreak of May 20, 2013. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Norman Weather Forecast Office, Norman, OK. https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20130520
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: United States Flood Loss Report—Water Year 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 10 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221111754/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/hic/summaries/WY2011.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Weather Event Summary: 2015 Memorial Day Weekend Flooding 23–24 May 2015. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Austin/San Antonio Weather Forecast Office, Austin/San Antonio, TX, 32 pp. https://www.weather.gov/media/ewx/wxevents/ewx-20150524.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Winter Storm, December 22–23, 2004. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, 1 p. https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/pdf/posters/dec2004snow.pdf
• NOAA NWS, n.d.: Worst Snowstorms in the State of Wisconsin from 1881 to Present. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Central Region Headquarters, Kansas City, MO, 5 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20160321000225/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/Image/mkx/pdf/snowstorms-wisconsin.pdf
• NOAA RCCs ACIS, n.d.: Gridded NCEI Normals Mapper. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regional Climate Centers, Applied Climate Information System. https://ncei-normals-mapper.rcc-acis.org/
• North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission Science Panel, 2015: North Carolina Sea Level Rise Assessment Report: 2015 Update to the 2010 Report and 2012 Addendum. North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Raleigh, NC, 43 pp. https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/Coastal%20Management/documents/PDF/Science%20Panel/2015%20NC%20SLR%20Assessment-FINAL%20REPORT%20Jan%2028%202016.pdf
• Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center, 2018: Massachusetts Climate Change Projections—Statewide and for Major Drainage Basins: Temperature, Precipitation, and Sea Level Rise Projections. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, Resilient MA, Boston, MA. https://resilientma.org/resources/resource::2152
• Norton, C.W., P.-S. Chu, and T.A. Schroeder, 2011: Projecting changes in future heavy rainfall events for Oahu, Hawaii: A statistical downscaling approach. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116 (D17). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015641
• Notaro, M., V. Bennington, and S. Vavrus, 2015: Dynamically downscaled projections of lake-effect snow in the Great Lakes basin. Journal of Climate, 28 (4), 1661–1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00467.1
• NPS, n.d.: Lake Mead: Lowering Lake Levels. National Park Service, Washington, DC, last modified September 2, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/lake/learn/nature/lowering-lake-levels.htm
• NRCC, 2016: January Blizzard. Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2 pp. http://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/services/special/reports/blizzard2016.pdf
• NRCC, 2020: A July for the Record Books. Publications & Services. Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. http://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/services/blog/2020/08/01/index.html
• NRCC, n.d.: Northeast Overview—February 2010, Monthly Summary. Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. http://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/regional/narrative/narrative.html
• NRCC, n.d.: Northeast Regional Climate Center CLimate Information for Management and Operational Decisions (Northeast RCC CLIMOD 2). Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. http://climod2.nrcc.cornell.edu/
• NRCC, n.d.: Northeast Regional Climate Center SC ACIS (Applied Climate Information System) Version 2. Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, last modified May 4, 2021. http://scacis.rcc-acis.org/
• NRCC, n.d.: Publications & Services: How to Access Our Data. Northeast Regional Climate Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. https://www.nrcc.cornell.edu/services/access/access.html
• NRCS NWCC, Snowpack: Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) and Snow Depth. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Water and Climate Center, Portland, OR. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/wcc/home/snowClimateMonitoring/snowpack/
• NSIDC, n.d.: All About Snow: Snow and Climate. National Snow & Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, last modified January 10, 2020. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/climate.html
• NSIDC, n.d.: Scientific Data for Research [Sea Ice]. National Snow & Ice Data Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO. https://nsidc.org/
• Nustad, R.A., K.A. Kolars, A.V. Vecchia, and K.R. Ryberg, 2016: 2011 Souris River Flood—Will It Happen Again? Fact Sheet 2016-3073. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163073

O

• O’Connor, C.F., P.-S. Chu, P.-C. Hsu, and K. Kodama, 2015: Variability of Hawaiian winter rainfall during La Niña events since 1956. Journal of Climate, 28 (19), 7809–7823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00638.1
• O’Gorman, P.A., 2014: Contrasting responses of mean and extreme snowfall to climate change. Nature, 512 (7515), 416–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13625
• O’Neill, B.T., M.E. Woloszyn, and J.R. Angel, 2013: Chicago Heat Waves: A Climatological Comparison. 20th Conference on Applied Climatology, Austin, TX, January 8, 2013. American Meteorological Society. https://ams.confex.com/ams/93Annual/webprogram/Paper221616.html
• OCS, n.d.: Climate of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Climatological Survey, Norman, OK. http://climate.ok.gov/index.php/site/page/climate_of_oklahoma
• ODFW, 2012: The Oregon Conservation Strategy: Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change in Oregon’s Nearshore Ocean. Technical Supplement. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem, OR, 22 pp. https://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/docs/climate_change/Climate_Change_Supplemental_pdf_9_25_12.pdf
• ODSC, 2012: Hurricane Sandy Impacts Delaware. Office of the Delaware State Climatologist, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. https://web.archive.org/web/20150321085930/http://climate.udel.edu/storm-events/hurricane-sandy-impacts-delaware
• ODSC, n.d.: Delaware Climate Information. Office of the Delaware State Climatologist, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. https://web.archive.org/web/20161219135215/http://climate.udel.edu/delawares-climate
• ODSC, n.d.: Delaware Coastal Storm Climatology and Damage Report: 1923–2009. Office of the Delaware State Climatologist, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. https://web.archive.org/web/20151024033006/http://climate.udel.edu/research/delaware-coastal-storm-climatology
• Office of the Arkansas State Climatologist, n.d.: Climate of Arkansas. 9 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20160804035628/http://www.climate.ar.gov/Climate%20Intro.pdf

P

• Pacific Institute, n.d.: California Drought: Conditions and Impacts. Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA. https://www.californiadrought.org/
• Parish, E., B. Preston, and V. Dale, Eds., 2012: Sustaining Tennessee in the Face of Climate Change: Grand Challenges and Great Opportunities. Sustainable Tennessee Organization, Oak Ridge, TN, 72 pp. https://www.eenews.net/assets/2012/09/13/document_cw_01.pdf
• Parker, D.R., 1992: The Oakland–Berkeley Hills Fire: An Overview. Oakland Office of Fire Services, Oakland, CA. http://www.sfmuseum.org/oakfire/overview.html
• Parra, N., S. Williamson, M. Ruth, K. Ross, and D. Irani, 2008: Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Nevada. University of Maryland, Center for Integrative Environmental Research, College Park, MD, 19 pp. http://cier.umd.edu/climateadaptation/Nevada%20Economic%20Impacts%20of%20Climate%20Change.pdf
• Parris, A., P. Bromirski, V. Burkett, D. Cayan, M. Culver, J. Hall, R. Horton, K. Knuuti, R. Moss, J. Obeysekera, A. Sallenger, and J. Weiss, 2012: Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment. NOAA Technical Report OAR CPO-1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Climate Program Office, Silver Spring, MD, 33 pp. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/11124
• Pasch, R.J., A.B. Penny, and R. Berg, 2019: Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Maria 16–30 September 2017. AL152017. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 48 pp. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152017_Maria.pdf
• Pasch, R.J., E.S. Blake, H.D. Cobb III, and D.P. Roberts, 2006 (2014 update): Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Wilma, 15–25 October 2005. AL252005. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 27 pp. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL252005_Wilma.pdf
• Pearson, D., n.d.: Top 5 Nebraska Floods. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Omaha Weather Forcast Office, Omaha, NE. https://www.weather.gov/media/gld/1935flood/pdf/Top5NebraskaFloods_for_HQ.pdf
• Pennsylvania State Climatologist, 2011: July 2011—Pennsylvania Weather Recap. The Pennsylvania Observer, July 28, 2011. State College, PA. http://www.climate.psu.edu/features/summary/Summary0711.pdf
• Perry, B., Ed. n.d.: Climate Change Impacts to Natural Resources in South Carolina. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Columbia, SC, 101 pp. https://www.dnr.sc.gov/pubs/CCINatResReport.pdf
• PSU, n.d.: Subtropical Cyclones [component of online course]. Penn State University, State College, PA. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173653/https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/public/meteo/subtropical_cyclones.html
• Puerto Rico Climate Change Council, 2013: Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010–2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate. Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, San Juan, PR, 328 pp. http://pr-ccc.org/download/PR%20State%20of%20the%20Climate-FINAL_ENE2015.pdf

Q

R

• Rahmani, V., S.L. Hutchinson, J.A. Harrington Jr., and J.M.S. Hutchinson, 2016: Analysis of frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall events with potential impacts on flooding: A case study from the central United States. International Journal of Climatology, 36 (10), 3578–3587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4577
• Rao, V., Ed. 2011: Massachusetts Climate Change Adaptation Report. Submitted by the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs and the Adaptation Advisory Committee. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, 128 pp. https://www.mass.gov/service-details/2011-massachusetts-climate-change-adaptation-report
• Rappaport, E., 1993: Preliminary Report, Hurricane Andrew, 16–28 August 1992. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html
• Rhode Island Department of Health, 2013: SafeWater RI: Ensuring Safe Water for Rhode Island’s future. Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, 24 pp. https://health.ri.gov/publications/reports/2013EnsuringSafeWaterForRhodeIslandsFuture.pdf
• RI Climate Change Collaborative, n.d.: Climate Science: Warming: Turn Down That Thermostat! Rhode Island Climate Change Collaborative, Kingstown, RI. http://www.riclimatechange.org/changes_temperature.php
• RI Climate Change Commission, 2012: Adapting to Climate Change in the Ocean State: A Starting Point. 2012 Progress Report. Rhode Island Climate Change Commission, Providence, RI, 38 pp. http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Reports/Climate%20Change%20Commission%20Prog%20Report%20Final%2011%2015%2012%20final%202.pdf
• RI CRMC, n.d.: Climate Change/Sea Level Rise. Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council, Wakefield, RI. http://www.crmc.ri.gov/climatechange.html
• Roberts, E.J. and O. Ferguson, 2015: Workshop Summary: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA) Public Workshop. City of Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 14 pp. https://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Projects/Climate/~/media/77130ADC5A01402399E5345D64C02D37.ashx
• Romine, B.M., C.H. Fletcher, M.M. Barbee, T.R. Anderson, and L.N. Frazer, 2013: Are beach erosion rates and sea-level rise related in Hawaii? Global and Planetary Change, 108, 149–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.06.009
• Roth, D., n.d.: Texas Hurricane History. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Camp Springs, MD, 83 pp. https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf

S

• Sallenger, A.H., K.S. Doran, and P.A. Howd, 2012: Hotspot of accelerated sea-level rise on the Atlantic coast of North America. Nature Climate Change, 2 (12), 884–888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1597
• SC DNR, n.d.: South Carolina Climate. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, State Climatology Office, Columbia, SC. https://www.dnr.sc.gov/climate/sco/ClimateData/cli_sc_climate.php
• SC DNR, n.d. : South Carolina Flooding 2015. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Columbia, SC. http://dnr.sc.gov/flood2015
• Scasta, D., 2015: Wildland Fire in Wyoming: Patterns, Influences, and Effects. B-1271. University of Wyoming Extension Office, Laramie, WY. http://www.wyoextension.org/publications/html/B1271/
• Schwartz, R.M. and T.W. Schmidlin, 2002: Climatology of blizzards in the conterminous United States, 1959–2000. Journal of Climate, 15 (13), 1765–1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1765:cobitc>2.0.co;2
• SCIPP, n.d.: Climate Change in Mississippi. Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 2 pp. http://www.southernclimate.org/documents/climatechange_mississippi.pdf
• SCPRT, n.d.: Geography, Climate, and Economy. South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, Columbia, SC. https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063455/https://www.scprt.com/facts-figures/geographyclimateeconomy.aspx
• Shafer, M., D. Ojima, J.M. Antle, D. Kluck, R.A. McPherson, S. Petersen, B. Scanlon, and K. Sherman, 2014: Great Plains. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 441–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0D798BC 
• Sherman-Morris, K., C.L. Wax, and M.E. Brown, 2012: Mississippi Weather and Climate. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MS. https://www.upress.state.ms.us/Books/M/Mississippi-Weather-and-Climate
• Shulski, M. and G. Wendler, 2007: The Climate of Alaska. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, AK, 208 pp.
• Silverman, N., K. Jencso, P. Herendeen, A. Royem, M. Sweet, and C. Brust, 2017: Climate Change in Montana. In: 2017 Montana Climate Assessment. Whitlock, C., W.F. Cross, B. Maxwell, N. Silverman, and A.A. Wade, Eds. Montana State University and University of Montana, Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Bozeman and Missoula, MT, 9–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/m2ww8w
• Simpson, R.H., A.L. Sugg, and Staff, 1970: The Atlantic hurricane season of 1969. Monthly Weather Review, 98 (4), 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0293:tahso>2.3.co;2
• Smith, A., N. Lott, T. Houston, K. Shein, J. Crouch, and J. Enloe, U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters 1980–2021. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, 19 pp. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events.pdf
• Smith, A.B. and R.W. Katz, 2013: US billion-dollar weather and climate disasters: Data sources, trends, accuracy and biases. Natural Hazards, 67 (2), 387–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5
• Snider, B., n.d.: 100 highest mountains in the Rockies. Brad Snider's Mountain Blog, Exploring the Mountains of America. https://www.bradsnider.com/100-2/
• Snover, A.K., G.S. Mauger, L.C. Whitely Binder, M. Krosby, and I. Tohver, 2013: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Washington State: Technical Summaries for Decision Makers. State of Knowledge Report prepared for the Washington State Department of Ecology. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 130 pp. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/snoveretalsok816.pdf
• Southard, R.E. and B.J. Smith, 1995: Flood of 1993–Mississippi River Near the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Arch), St. Louis, Missouri. Fact Sheet 188-95. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 2 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs18895
• Spracklen, D.V., L.J. Mickley, J.A. Logan, R.C. Hudman, R. Yevich, M.D. Flannigan, and A.L. Westerling, 2009: Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114 (D20). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010966
• SSRC, n.d.: Tornado Tally: Severe Storms Research Center Seeks to Increase Georgia’s Defenses Against Twisters. Severe Storms Research Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Smyrna, GA. https://severestorms.gatech.edu/tornado-tally-severe-storms-research-center-seeks-increase-georgias-defenses-against-twisters
• Stampone, M., n.d.: New Hampshire's Climate: Is Weather in New Hampshire Really That Bad? The CoCoRaHS “State Climates” Series. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://media.cocorahs.org/docs/ClimateSum_NH.pdf
• State of Idaho, n.d.: Idaho Floods! A Flood Awareness Guide for the Gem State. State of Idaho, Boise, ID, 48 pp. https://adacounty.id.gov/emergencymanagement/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/Idaho-Flood-Booklet.pdf
• States at Risk, n.d.: America’s Preparedness Report Card, Kansas. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 9 pp. http://assets.statesatrisk.org/summaries/Kansas_report.pdf
• Stephens, S., M. Helfert, G. Goodge, A. Horvitz, K.T. Redmond, and S. Running, 1999: A National Temperature Record at Loma, Montana, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC, 2 pp. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/extremes/ncec/reports/lomanwa.pdf
• Stewart, B.C., K.E. Kunkel, L.E. Stevens, and L. Sun, 2013: Regional Climate Trends and Scenarios for the U.S. National Climate Assessment Part 7. Climate of Alaska. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142-7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Silver Spring, MD, 68 pp. https://nesdis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/migrated/NOAA_NESDIS_Tech_Report_142-7-Climate_of_Alaska.pdf
• Stiles, C.J., 2017: May 2017 Climate Summary. High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 10 pp. https://hprcc.unl.edu/pdf/climatesummary/2017_05_climatesummary.pdf
• Stiles, C.J., 2019: March 2019 Climate Summary. High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 7 pp. https://hprcc.unl.edu/pdf/climatesummary/2019_03_climatesummary.pdf
• Stiles, C.J., 2020: October 2020 Climate Summary. High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 7 pp. https://hprcc.unl.edu/pdf/climatesummary/2020_10_climatesummary.pdf
• Strauss, B., C. Tebaldi, S. Kulp, S. Cutter, C. Emrich, D. Rizza, and D. Yawitz, 2015: Alabama and the Surging Sea: A Vulnerability Assessment with Projections for Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Risk. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 31 pp. https://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/ssrf/AL-Report.pdf
• Strauss, B., C. Tebaldi, S. Kulp, S. Cutter, C. Emrich, D. Rizza, and D. Yawitz, 2015: Mississippi and the Surging Sea: A Vulnerability Assessment with Projections for Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Risk. Climate Central, Princeton, NJ, 31 pp. https://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/ssrf/MS-Report.pdf
• Sun, L., K.E. Kunkel, L.E. Stevens, A. Buddenberg, J.G. Dobson, and D.R. Easterling, 2015: Regional Surface Climate Conditions in CMIP3 and CMIP5 for the United States: Differences, Similarities, and Implications for the U.S. National Climate Assessment. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 144. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 111 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7289/V5RB72KG
• Sweet, W., G. Dusek, J. Obeysekera, and J. Marra, 2018: Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the U.S. Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 086. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD, 56 pp. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt86_PaP_of_HTFlooding.pdf
• Sweet, W., S. Simon, G. Dusek, D. Marcy, W. Brooks, M. Pendleton, and J. Marra, 2021: 2021 State of High Tide Flooding and Annual Outlook. NOAA High Tide Flooding Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD, 28 pp. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/2021_State_of_High_Tide_Flooding_and_Annual_Outlook_Final.pdf
• Sweet, W.V., R. Horton, R.E. Kopp, A.N. LeGrande, and A. Romanou, 2017: Sea level rise. In: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 333–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0VM49F2
• Sweet, W.V., R.E. Kopp, C.P. Weaver, J. Obeysekera, R.M. Horton, E.R. Thieler, and C. Zervas, 2017: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 083. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD, 75 pp. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt83_Global_and_Regional_SLR_Scenarios_for_the_US_final.pdf

T

• Taylor, K.E., R.J. Stouffer, and G.A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93 (4), 485–498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
• Thompson, J., n.d.: Nevada’s Climate: Nevada’s Extremes Reign Supreme, The CoCoRaHS “State Climates” Series. Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network, Colorado Climate Center, Fort Collins, CO. https://www.daculaweather.com/climate_reports/ClimateSum_NV.pdf
• Tompkins, F. and C. DeConcini, 2014: Fact Sheet: The Climate Change Connection to U.S. Public Health. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 6 pp. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/WRI14_Factsheets_US_Public_Health_0.pdf
• Trauernicht, C., E. Pickett, C.P. Giardina, C.M. Litton, S. Cordell, and A. Beavers, 2015: The contemporary scale and context of wildfire in Hawai‘i. Pacific Science, 69 (4), 427–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/69.4.1
• TRPA, 2014: Lake Tahoe Dips Below Natural Rim. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Stateline, NV. https://www.trpa.gov/lake-tahoe-dips-below-natural-rim/
• TSLA, n.d.: Disasters in Tennessee. Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville, TN. https://sharetngov.tnsosfiles.com/tsla/exhibits/disasters/index.htm
• TX OSC, n.d.: Drought Monitor. Texas Office of the State Climatologist, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. https://web.archive.org/web/20150315002415/http://atmo.tamu.edu/osc/drought/
• TX OSC, n.d.: FAQ: Climate Change. Texas Office of the State Climatologist, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. https://web.archive.org/web/20160309203953/http://climatexas.tamu.edu/index.php/weather-faqs

U

• U.S. Census Bureau, 2021: Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019. U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, MD, last modified October 8, 2021. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html
• U.S. Census Bureau, 2021: State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019. U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, MD, last modified October 8, 2021. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html
• U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.: United States Census 2010: Interactive Population Map. U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, MD. https://web.archive.org/web/20150516202941/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/
• UH Mānoa Sea Grant College Program, 2014: Climate Change Impacts in Hawai‘i: A Summary of Climate Change and Its Impacts to Hawai‘i’s Ecosystems and Communities. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Sea Grant Program, Honolulu, HI, 44 pp. https://seagrant.soest.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/smFINAL-HawaiiClimateChange.pdf
• UMCES, 2013: Research & Discovery: Climate Change. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD. https://web.archive.org/web/20160425054725/http://www.umces.edu/research-discovery/climate-change
• UMCES, 2020: Maryland & Climate Change: Global Warming & the Free State. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD. https://www.umces.edu/global-warming-free-state
• Umphlett, N., D. Kluck, and D. Todey, 2020: Extreme Wetness of 2019: Missouri River Basin. High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 6 pp. https://hprcc.unl.edu/pdf/2019Extremes.pdf
• UNH, n.d.: CSNE: Climate Assessments for New England. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. https://web.archive.org/web/20170713111642/http://sustainableunh.unh.edu/csne-climate-assessments-new-england
• University of Georgia Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant, n.d.: Sea Level Rise. University of Georgia, Athens, GA. https://gacoast.uga.edu/research/major-projects/sea-level-rise/
• URI Climate Change Collaborative, 2011: Climate Change in Rhode Island: What’s Happening Now & What You Can Do. University of Rhode Island Climate Change Collaborative, Kingston, RI, 4 pp. https://aambpublicoceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanserviceprod/education/pd/climate/teachingclimate/climate_change_in_rhode_island.pdf
• USACE, 1970: Hurricane Camille: 14–22 August 1969. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, AL, 130 pp. https://coast.noaa.gov/data/hes/docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf
• USACE, 2012: [Sea level rise projections for Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, and Union Counties, NJ]. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. http://corpsmapu.usace.army.mil/rccinfo/slc/NJtable.html
• USACE, n.d.: Sea-Level Change Curve Calculator (Version 2021.12). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC, last modified February 11, 2021. https://cwbi-app.sec.usace.army.mil/rccslc/slcc_calc.html
• USBR, 2021: Lower Colorado Water Supply Report: River Operations. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Basin Region, Boulder City, NV. https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/weekly.pdf
• USBR, n.d.: Lake Mead Annual High and Low Elevations (1935–2020). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Basin Region, Boulder City, NV. https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/lakemead_bar.pdf
• USBR, n.d.: Upper Colorado Region: Water Operations: Historic Data. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region, Salt Lake City, UT. https://www.usbr.gov/rsvrWater/HistoricalApp.html
• USDA FS, 2011: Wallow Fire 2011: Fire/Fuels Report: Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, NM, 23 pp. http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5333354.pdf
• USDA FS, n.d.: West Virginia, Adaptation Workbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Climate Change Resource Center, Washington, DC. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611140100/https:/www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/regional-forests/west-virginia?page=1
• USDA FSA, 2014: Secretarial Disaster Designations—CY 2012: Primary and Contiguous Counties Designated for 2012 All Crop Disaster Losses. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/disaster_map_cropyr_2012.pdf
• USDA NRCS, 2012: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Responds to 2011 Montana Floods. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC, 8 pp. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_053912.pdf
• USDA NRCS, n.d.: 2012 Arkansas Drought Information. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail//?cid=nrcs142p2_034977
• USDA NRCS, n.d.: Current Water Year Data. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Boise, ID. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/id/snow/products/?cid=nrcs144p2_047788
• USDA NRCS Missouri, 2012: 2012 Missouri Drought Information. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service Missouri, Columbia, MO. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/mo/technical/NRCS144P2_012658/
• USDA RMA, 2020: 2019 RMA Crops’ Indemnities (as of 06/22/2020). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.rma.usda.gov/-/media/RMA/Maps/Total-Crop-Indemnity-Maps/Crop-Year-2019/062220map.ashx?la=en
• USGCRP, n.d.: Scenarios for the National Climate Assessment: LOCA Viewer. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC. https://scenarios.globalchange.gov/loca-viewer/
• USGS, 2021: USGS Water Data for the Nation. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis
• USGS CFWSC, n.d.: Climate of Puerto Rico. U.S. Geological Survey, Caribbean–Florida Water Science Center, Lutz, FL. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water/science/climate-puerto-rico?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
• USGS EROS, n.d.: Missouri River Flooding Near Hamburg, Iowa. U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, Sioux Falls, SD. https://eros.usgs.gov/image-gallery/image-of-the-week/missouri-river-flooding-near-hamburg-iowa
• USGS NWIS, n.d.: USGS 05056500 Devils Lake NR Devils Lake, ND [site inventory]. U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Information System https://www.google.com/url?q=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory/?site_no%3D05056500%26agency_cd%3DUSGS&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1633621557894000&usg=AOvVaw2vtZAErqFrekylpTjZ7u3c
• USGS NWIS, n.d.: USGS 10337000 Lake Tahoe A Tahoe City CA. U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Information System. https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory/?site_no=10337000&agency_cd=USGS
• UT CCE, n.d.: History to Go: Floods. Utah Department of Cultural and Community Engagement, Salt Lake City, UT. https://historytogo.utah.gov/floods/?web=1&wdLOR=c0083EB4A-FF18-C540-8C94-37A279DDEC5F
• Utah Climate Center, n.d.: Great Salt Lake Annual Level Prediction. Utah Climate Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT. https://climate.usu.edu/GSL.php

V

• Vallee, D.R., Examining the impacts of Hurricane Sandy on Rhode Island: A serious wake-up call [22 slides]. Shoreline Change SAMP Stakeholder Meeting, Narragansett, RI, April 04, 2013. https://www.slideshare.net/riseagrant/examining-the-impacts-of-hurricane-sandy-on-rhode-island-a-serious-wakeup-call
• Van Patten, P., 2010: Rising seas, stormy skies ahead. Wrack Lines, 10 (2), 1. http://media.ctseagrant.uconn.edu/publications/magazines/wracklines/fallwinter10/risingseas.pdf
• Vasco, D.W., T.G. Farr, P. Jeanne, C. Doughty, and P. Nico, 2019: Satellite-based monitoring of groundwater depletion in California’s Central Valley. Scientific Reports, 9 (1), 16053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52371-7
• Vecchia, A.V., 2008: Climate Simulation and Flood Risk Analysis for 2008–40 for Devils Lake, North Dakota. Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5011. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 36 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20085011
• Velazquez-Lozada, A., J.E. Gonzalez, and A. Winter, 2006: Urban heat island effect analysis for San Juan, Puerto Rico. Atmospheric Environment, 40 (9), 1731–1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.074
• The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, 2011: Resilience: A Report on the Health of Vermont’s Environment. The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Montpelier, VT, 28 pp. https://anr.vermont.gov/sites/anr/files/aboutus/documents/Resilience%202011.pdf
• Vermont State Climate Office, n.d.: Climate Resources: Climate Change. Vermont State Climate Office, Burlington, VT. https://www.uvm.edu/cas/climate-resources
• Vermont State Climate Office, n.d.: Vermont Climate. Vermont State Climate Office, Burlington, VT. https://www.uvm.edu/cas/vermont-climate
• Virginia Places, n.d.: Climate of Virginia http://www.virginiaplaces.org/climate/
• Vose, R.S., S. Applequist, M. Squires, I. Durre, M.J. Menne, C.N. Williams, Jr., C. Fenimore, K. Gleason, and D. Arndt, 2014: Improved historical temperature and precipitation time series for U.S. climate divisions. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 53 (5), 1232–1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0248.1
• Vose, R.S., S. Applequist, M. Squires, I. Durre, M.J. Menne, C.N. Williams, Jr., C. Fenimore, K. Gleason, and D. Arndt, 2014: NOAA Monthly U.S. Climate Gridded Dataset (NClimGrid), Version 1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. http://dx.doi.org/10.7289/V5SX6B56
• Vose, R.S., D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, A.N. LeGrande, and M.F. Wehner, 2017: Figure 6.9 (top left panel) Projected Change in Number of Days Above 90°F Mid 21st Century, Higher Scenario (RCP8.5). In: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0N29V45
• Vose, R.S., D.R. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, A.N. LeGrande, and M.F. Wehner, 2017: Temperature changes in the United States. In: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 185–206. http://doi.org/10.7930/J0N29V45

W

• Wake, C., E.A. Burakowski, P. Wilkinson, K. Hayhoe, C.K. A. Stoner, and J. LaBranche, 2014: Climate Change in Northern New Hampshire: Past, Present, and Future. University of New Hampshire, The Sustainability Institute, Durham, NH, 79 pp. https://scholars.unh.edu/sustainability/1/
• Wake, C.P., E. Burakowski, E. Kelsey, K. Hayhoe, A. Stoner, C. Watson, and E. Douglas, 2011: Climate Change in the Piscataqua/Great Bay Region: Past, Present, and Future. University of New Hampshire, Carbon Solutions New England, Durham, NH, 54 pp. https://scholars.unh.edu/sustainability/8/
• Wake, C.P., E.A. Burakowski, P. Wilkinson, K. Hayhoe, A. Stoner, C. Keeley, and J. LaBrance, 2014: Climate Change in Southern New Hampshire: Past, Present and Future. University of New Hampshire, The Sustainability Institute, Durham, NH, 89 pp. https://scholars.unh.edu/sustainability/2/
• Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, S. Doney, R. Feely, P. Hennon, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville, 2014: Our changing climate. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, Eds. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 19–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0KW5CXT
• Wang, J., X. Bai, H. Hu, A. Clites, M. Colton, and B. Lofgren, 2012: Temporal and spatial variability of Great Lakes ice cover, 1973–2010. Journal of Climate, 25 (4), 1318–1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4066.1
• Wendler, G. and M. Shulski, 2009: A century of climate change for Fairbanks, Alaska. ARCTIC, 62 (3). http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic149
• Wendler, G., B. Moore, and K. Galloway, 2014: Strong temperature increase and shrinking sea ice in Arctic Alaska. The Open Atmospheric Science Journal, 8, 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301408010007
• Wendler, G., K. Galloway, and M. Stuefer, 2016: On the climate and climate change of Sitka, Southeast Alaska. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 126 (1), 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1542-7
• Wendler, G., J. Conner, B. Moore, M. Shulski, and M. Stuefer, 2011: Climatology of Alaskan wildfires with special emphasis on the extreme year of 2004. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 104 (3), 459–472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0357-9
• The White House, 2014: Fact Sheet, What Climate Change Means for Maine and the Northeast. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, DC. May 6, 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/MAINE_NCA_2014.pdf
• The White House, 2014: Fact Sheet, What Climate Change Means for Nevada and the Southwest. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, DC. May 6, 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/NEVADA_NCA_2014.pdf
• The White House, 2014: Fact Sheet: What Climate Change Means for Alabama and the Southeast and Caribbean. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, DC. May 6, 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/ALABAMA_NCA_2014.pdf
• The White House, 2014: Fact Sheet: What Climate Change Means for New Hampshire and the Northeast. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, DC. May 6, 2014. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/NEWHAMPSHIRE_NCA_2014.pdf
• The White House, n.d.: The Threat of Carbon Pollution: Idaho. The White House, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/climate/Idaho%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
• The White House, n.d.: The Threat of Carbon Pollution: Nevada. The White House, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/climate/Nevada%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
• The White House, n.d.: The Threat of Carbon Pollution: South Carolina. The White House, Washington, DC, 2 pp. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/state-reports/climate/South%20Carolina%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
• WI SCO, n.d.: History of Freezing and Thawing of Lake Mendota, 1852–53 to 2020/21. Wisconsin State Climatology Office, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, last modified March 22, 2021. https://www.aos.wisc.edu/~sco/lakes/Mendota-ice.html
• Wilkowske, C.D., T.A. Kenney, and T.S. McKinney, 2006: Flooding and Streamflow in Utah During Water Year 2005. Fact Sheet 2006-3085. U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Water Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 6 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20063085
• Wiltgen, N., 2015: South Carolina's catastrophic floods caused by one of the most prolific rainfall events in modern U.S. history. The Weather Channel News, October 11, 2015. Atlanta, GA. https://weather.com/news/news/south-carolina-historic-flood-rainfall-record-extreme
• Winters, B.A., J. Angel, C. Ballerine, J. Byard, A. Flegel, D. Gambill, E. Jenkins, S. McConkey, M. Markus, B.A. Bender, and M.J. O’Toole, 2015: Report for the Urban Flooding Awareness Act. Handy, J., Ed. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, IL, 97 pp. https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/WaterResources/Documents/Final_UFAA_Report.pdf
• Winters, L., 2020: June 2020 Climate Summary. High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 8 pp. https://hprcc.unl.edu/pdf/climatesummary/2020_06_climatesummary.pdf
• Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs, n.d.: Top Weather Events in Wisconsin for 2011. Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs, Madison, WI, 15 pp. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227144706/http://readywisconsin.wi.gov/news/Top%20Weather%20Events%20in%20Wisconsin%20for%202011.pdf
• WRCC, n.d.: Climate of Alaska. Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV. https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/narrative_ak.php
• WRCC, n.d.: Climate of Hawaii. Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV. https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/narrative_hi.php
• WRCC, n.d.: Climate of Wyoming. Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV. https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/narrative_wy.php
• WRCC, n.d.: Utah's Top 10 Weather Events of the 1900s. Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV. https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/extremes_ut.php
• WRDS and SCO, n.d.: Severe Weather. In: 2004 Climate Atlas. Water Resources Data System and State Climate Office, Laramie, WY. http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/sco/climateatlas/severe_weather.html
• WY SCO, 2011: Wyoming’s Climate: June 2011. Wyoming State Climate Office, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 3 pp. http://www.wrds.uwyo.edu/sco/data/climate_summaries/Climate_Summary_2011Jun.pdf
• Wyoming Office of Homeland Security, 2011: Flood. In: Wyoming Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. Cheyenne, WY, 8.1–8.87. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000846/http://hls.wyo.gov/Library/mit_plan/8_Flood.pdf
• Wyoming Office of Homeland Security, 2011: Hail. In: Wyoming Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. Wyoming Office of Homeland Security, Cheyenne, WY, 9.1–9.79. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220235652/http://hls.wyo.gov/Library/mit_plan/9_Hail.pdf
• Wyoming Office of Homeland Security, 2011: Winter storm and blizzard. In: Wyoming Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. Wyoming Office of Homeland Security, Cheyenne, WY, 19.1–19.70. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221001144/http://hls.wyo.gov/Library/mit_plan/19_WinterStorm.pdf

X

Y

• Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M.-H. Kwon, B.P. Kirtman, and F.-F. Jin, 2009: El Niño in a changing climate. Nature, 461 (7263), 511–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08316
• Young, A.M., P.E. Higuera, P.A. Duffy, and F.S. Hu, 2017: Climatic thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability to future climate change. Ecography, 40 (5), 606–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02205

Z

• Zervas, C., 2009: Sea Level Variations of the United States 1854–2006. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 053. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD, 194 pp. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/Tech_rpt_53.pdf
• Zhang, C., Y. Wang, K. Hamilton, and A. Lauer, 2016: Dynamical downscaling of the climate for the Hawaiian Islands. Part I: Present day. Journal of Climate, 29 (8), 3027–3048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0432.1
• Zhang, C., Y. Wang, K. Hamilton, and A. Lauer, 2016: Dynamical downscaling of the climate for the Hawaiian Islands. Part II: Projection for the late twenty-first century. Journal of Climate, 29 (23), 8333–8354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0038.1
• Zierden, D.F., 2013: SECC Fall/Winter Climate Outlook 2013. Florida Climate Center, Office of the State Climatologist, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 6 pp. https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/products-services/outlooks/secc-fall-winter-climate-outlook-2013
• Zierden, D.F. and M. Griffin, 2014: Humidity in Florida. Florida Climate Center, Office of the State Climatologist, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 5 pp. https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/images/docs/Humidity-in-Florida.pdf
• Zogg, J., 2014: The Top Five Iowa Floods. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, Weather and Forecast Office, Des Moines, IA, 24 pp. https://www.climatesignals.org/sites/default/files/resources/historicaliowafloods_top5.pdf